1、案例現象
在數據庫startup時，報錯：
[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Sep 19 19:31:05 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area? 202445884 bytes
Fixed Size?????????????????? 451644 bytes
Variable Size???????????? 167772160 bytes
Database Buffers?????????? 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers???????????????? 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01122: database file 1 failed verification check
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/u01/u01d/sysaux01.dbf'
ORA-01200: actual file size of 38400 is smaller than correct size of 51200 blocks

2、問題分析

SQL> select status from v$instance;
STATUS
------------
MOUNTED
SQL>
報錯說，數據文件的實際大小與正確的大小較小。
SQL> col name for a50
SQL> select file#,status,bytes/1024/1024 mb,name from v$datafile;
???? FILE# STATUS????????? MB NAME
---------- ------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------
???????? 1 SYSTEM???????? 300 /u01/u01d/system01.dbf
???????? 2 ONLINE???????? 100 /u01/u01d/undotbs01.dbf
? 3 SYSTEM?? 400 /u01/u01d/sysaux01.dbf
???????? 4 ONLINE????????? 25 /u01/u01d/users01.dbf
???????? 5 ONLINE????????? 25 /u01/u01d/indx01.dbf
???????? 6 ONLINE???????? 100 /u01/u01d/perfstat.dbf
???????? 7 ONLINE????????? 10 /u01/u01d/timi01.dbf
6 rows selected.
SQL>
可以看出控制文件記錄的是400M，而du -sh system01.dbf結果是301M。接著，查閱在線幫助文檔：
[oracle@localhost ~]$oerr ora 01200
01200, 00000, "actual file size of %s is smaller than correct size of %s blocks"
// *Cause:? The size of the file as returned by the operating system is smaller
//???????? than the size of the file as indicated in the file header and the
//???????? controlfile. Somehow the file has been truncated. Maybe it is the
//???????? result of a half completed copy.
// *Action: Restore a good copy of the data file and do recovery as needed.
[oracle@localhost ~]$
可以看出，是數據文件的實際大小與控制文件和該數據文件的頭部所記錄的大小不同而引起的。一般是數據庫異常導致的，在數據庫的運行過程中，重新啟動時，文件resize之后出現異常狀況時都可能會遇到。下面看看怎么恢復，以打開數據庫：

3、確定解決方案

首先轉儲數據文件頭部看看：
SQL> alter session set events 'immediate trace name FILE_HDRS level 10';
Session altered.
SQL> @/u01/admin/mytools/myscripts/gettrcname.sql
TRACE_FILE_NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/u01/admin/denver/udump/denver_ora_4669.trc
SQL>
[oracle@localhost ~]$more /u01/admin/denver/udump/denver_ora_5349.trc
.....
FILE HEADER:
??????? Software vsn=153092096=0x9200000, Compatibility Vsn=134217728=0x8000000
??????? Db ID=4004057640=0xeea91228, Db Name='DENVER'
??????? Activation ID=0=0x0
?????? Control Seq=1908=0x774, File size=51200=0xc800? //可見此處的大小是51200, 而ORA-01200報告說實際大小是38400
??????? File Number=1, Blksiz=8192, File Type=3 DATA
Tablespace #0 - SYSTEM? rel_fn:1
.....

解決方案的確定：
1.如果有備份可以采用備份來恢復.
2.最壞的情況是將文件上的數據提取出來，重新加載到數據庫。
3.最好的情況是通過一些特殊的手段，將該文件恢復，重新ONLINE運行。
4.通過Metalink及各種途徑尋找已知的解決方案。

此時，發現根本沒有任何的備份。沒辦法，只有使用bbed工具來非常規恢復了。

4、用BBED工具恢復

bbed就是英文block browse block edit的縮寫，用來直接查看和修改數據文件數據的一個工具。在windows上沒有提供這個工具，在linux上面有，需要編譯：
make -f ins_rdbms.mk BBED=$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib/bbed $ORACLE_HOME/bin/bbed
然后把$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib加到環境變量的PATH里面，就可以直接在命令中bbed了。不過有個默認的口令blockedit。在運行bbed之前先要自己寫幾個配置文件：

這里假定有2個文件，分別是file.txt、par.bbd

[oracle@localhost ~]$ ls
file.txt bbed.par
[oracle@localhost ~]$ more bbed.par
blocksize=8192
listfile=/home/oracle/file
mode=edit
[oracle@localhost ~]$ more file.txt
3 /free/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf 1614807040

5、恢復過程

接下來就可以使用BBED工具了：
[oracle@localhost ~]$ bbed
Password:

BBED: Release 2.0.0.0.0 - Limited Production on Tue Sep 20 18:19:33 2011

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.? All rights reserved.

************* !!! For Oracle Internal Use only !!! ***************

BBED>

BBED> modify /x 00960000 offset 44? ---用find /x c8 curr 找出51200所在之處, 因為38400的十六進制為9600，在根據倒位法則就是0096
File: /u01/u01d/system01.dbf (1)
Block: 1??????????????? Offsets:?? 44 to? 555?????????? Dba:0x00400001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
00960000 00200000 01000300 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 a1014000 07000000 00000000
4bbaa02a 9aabd02a 0e3a0f00 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000400
7a061000 00000000 86a7dd2a 01005162 01000000 8d660000 1000ffbf 02000000
00000000 6c010000 54abd02a 6b010000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 06005359 5354454d 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 0a000a00 9cefc52a
5c0a0d00 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
<32 bytes per line>
BBED> sum apply
Check value for File 1, Block 1:
current = 0x1459, required = 0x1459
BBED> quit

試著打開數據庫：
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> col name for a50
SQL> select file#,status,bytes/1024/1024 mb,name from v$datafile;
???? FILE# STATUS????????? MB NAME
---------- ------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------
???????? 1 SYSTEM???????? 300 /u01/u01d/system01.dbf
???????? 2 ONLINE???????? 100 /u01/u01d/undotbs01.dbf
? 3 SYSTEM?? 300 /u01/u01d/sysaux01.dbf? ---控制文件里記錄是300M，而且數據庫已經成功打開
???????? 4 ONLINE????????? 25 /u01/u01d/users01.dbf
???????? 5 ONLINE????????? 25 /u01/u01d/indx01.dbf
???????? 6 ONLINE???????? 100 /u01/u01d/perfstat.dbf
???????? 7 ONLINE????????? 10 /u01/u01d/timi01.dbf
6 rows selected.
SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area? 202445884 bytes
Fixed Size?????????????????? 451644 bytes
Variable Size???????????? 167772160 bytes
Database Buffers?????????? 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers???????????????? 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
ok, 成功打開數據庫。

6、總結
ORA-01200錯誤的具體原因已經清楚，但是是什么導致的這次數據庫故障，已無從考究。但是應該可以肯定的是，此時的數據庫應該立即做個導出重建導入操作。
?

本文出自 “技術成就夢想” 博客，請務必保留此出處http://ixdba.blog.51cto.com/2895551/668261

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