【Kaggle Learn】Python https://www.kaggle.com/learn/python

一. Hello, Python

A quick introduction to Python syntax, variable assignment, and numbers

spam_amount = 0
print(spam_amount)# Ordering Spam, egg, Spam, Spam, bacon and Spam (4 more servings of Spam)
spam_amount = spam_amount + 4if spam_amount > 0:print("But I don't want ANY spam!")viking_song = "Spam " * spam_amount
print(viking_song)"""
The result is:
0
But I don't want ANY spam!
Spam Spam Spam Spam 
"""

①無分號 ;

②printf（）

③if a>0 ：
printf()
if語句用冒號 ：

④注釋單行用#，注釋多好用三個 ’ 單引號或三個 " 雙引號

⑤注意要用英文字符

⑥變量無需定義類型，字符串可直接相乘，如"Spam"*4
另外也可以用type（）得出當前變量的類型

①c語言以及matlab的基本操作可以用在python上，還有a//b,a**b,-a
a//b : a/b去小數
a ** b : a^b
-a : a的相反數

②printf（）用法

print("Height in meters =", total_height_meters, "?")
#Height in meters = 26.9 ?

③其他函數
min()
max()
abs()

float()
int()

二. Exercise: Syntax, Variables, and Numbers

略

三. Functions and Getting Help

Calling functions and defining our own, and using Python’s builtin documentation

round() 浮點數四舍五入，可多小數位

定義函數

def least_difference(a, b, c):diff1 = abs(a - b)diff2 = abs(b - c)diff3 = abs(a - c)return min(diff1, diff2, diff3)

①def語句也要用冒號 ：

②輸入多行代碼
(1)命令行下
在 ： 后面按回車，然 后按Tab，打代碼，按回車，以此類推，最后按兩次回車。

(2)記事本轉.py后, 打開python shell, 寫代碼, 按F5或Run-Run module
此時的def也要有一個Tab縮進(其實空格也行 不好看…)

③docstrings 其實就是注釋
要善于寫注釋

④當def里面沒有return 此時用print(def(1,2,3)) 輸出None

⑤輸出help（print）可知print原型

print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
不改即為默認值如:
print(1, 2, 3)
1 2 3print(1, 2, 3, sep=' < ')
1 < 2 < 3也可這樣用printprint(call(mult_by_five, 1),squared_call(mult_by_five, 1), sep='\n', # '\n' is the newline character - it starts a new line
)

調用函數

def greet(who="Colin"):print("Hello,", who)greet()
greet(who="Kaggle")
# (In this case, we don't need to specify the name of the argument, because it's unambiguous.)
greet("world")"""
The result is:
Hello, Colin
Hello, Kaggle
Hello, world
"""

調用方式很多

(1)定義函數時可以用其他函數

def mult_by_five(x):return 5 * x#相當于調用一次mult_by_five(x)
def call(fn, arg):"""Call fn on arg"""return fn(arg)#相當于調用一次mult_by_five( mult_by_five(x) )
def squared_call(fn, arg):"""Call fn on the result of calling fn on arg"""return fn(fn(arg))print(call(mult_by_five, 1),squared_call(mult_by_five, 1), sep='\n', # '\n' is the newline character - it starts a new line
)
"""
The result is:
5
25
"""

(2)調用函數(如max函數)時用其他函數

def mod_5(x):"""Return the remainder of x after dividing by 5"""return x % 5print('Which number is biggest?',max(100, 51, 14),'Which number is the biggest modulo 5?',	#通過改變key,使max函數先對數進行mod5,操作再取最大值max(100, 51, 14, key=mod_5),sep='\n',
)#max原型為 max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value"""
The result is:
Which number is biggest?
100
Which number is the biggest modulo 5?
14
"""

四. Exercise: Functions and Getting Help

round原型round(number, ndigits=None)
①當ndigits為正數, 對小數點后n位四舍五入
如

>>> round(1.0016,3)
1.002
>>> round(1.0014,3)
1.001

①當ndigits為負數, 對小數點前n位四舍五入
如

>>> round(2166086,-3)
2166000
>>> round(2166086,-2)
2166100
>>> 

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time函數用法【略】
①
The time function returns the number of seconds that have passed since the Epoch (aka [Unix time]).
Epoch:January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC)

from time import time
t = time()
print(t, "seconds since the Epoch")#1550835855.8225462 seconds since the Epoch
#1550835865.3415313 seconds since the Epoch

②停幾秒再輸出,用sleep()

from time import sleep
duration = 5
print("Getting sleepy. See you in", duration, "seconds")
sleep(duration)
print("I'm back. What did I miss?")#Getting sleepy. See you in 5 seconds
#這里經過了5秒
#I'm back. What did I miss?

③計算調用某個函數用了多久,用time()

def time_call(fn, arg):"""Return the amount of time the given function takes (in seconds) when called with the given argument."""passt0 = time()fn(arg)t1 = time()elapsed = t1 - t0return elapsed
"""
def time_call(fn, arg1,arg2):passt0 = time()fn(arg1,arg2)t1 = time()elapsed = t1 - t0return elapsed
print(time_call(max,1,2))
9.5367431640625e-07
"""

總結

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