All things are poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing poison.” ― Paracelsus

萬(wàn)物都是毒藥，因?yàn)闆](méi)有毒藥就沒(méi)有什么。 只是使事物中毒的劑量。” ― 寄生蟲(chóng)

執(zhí)行摘要(又名TL； DR) (Executive Summary (aka TL;DR))

• Most of the illegal health products reported in Singapore are marketed for sexual enhancement and weight loss.
  新加坡報(bào)道的大多數(shù)非法保健產(chǎn)品都是為了增強(qiáng)性欲和減肥而銷售的。
• Majority of the illegal drugs are labelled in Chinese
  大部分非法藥物都標(biāo)有中文
• The most common dosage form design is that of a green oblong capsule
  最常見(jiàn)的劑型設(shè)計(jì)是綠色橢圓形膠囊
• The top 5 most common adulterants are Sildenafil, Sibutramine, Tadalafil, Phenolphthalein, and Lignocaine
  前5種最常見(jiàn)的摻雜劑是西地那非，西布曲明，他達(dá)拉非，酚酞和利格卡因

背景與動(dòng)機(jī) (Background and Motivation)

The lucrative nature of peddling counterfeit and adulterated drugs has led to the proliferation of the global trade of illegal health products. This is also driven by an increase in consumer demand for these products, and the low cost in purchasing them. The obvious downside is that the consumption of these health products purchased from dubious sources run the risk of causing serious health problems to the consumers.

兜售假冒偽劣藥品的有利可圖的性質(zhì)導(dǎo)致了全球非法保健產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)散。 消費(fèi)者對(duì)這些產(chǎn)品的需求增加以及購(gòu)買它們的低成本也推動(dòng)了這一點(diǎn)。 明顯的不利因素是，從可疑來(lái)源購(gòu)買的這些健康產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)可能會(huì)給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的健康問(wèn)題。

These products often contain undeclared ingredients to enhance the effects to entice consumers to take them. These ingredients may be hazardous (especially if taken without medical supervision), over- or under- dosed, banned or have not been assessed for safe use in humans.

這些產(chǎn)品通常含有未申報(bào)的成分，以增強(qiáng)效果以吸引消費(fèi)者服用。 這些成分可能是危險(xiǎn)的(尤其是在未經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)監(jiān)督的情況下服用)，劑量過(guò)大或不足，被禁止或未經(jīng)評(píng)估可安全用于人類。

In a bid to better understand the illegal health product trade in Singapore, I decided to conduct an analysis of the publicly released list of detected and tested illegal health products reported by the Health Sciences Authority (HSA).

為了更好地了解新加坡的非法健康產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易，我決定對(duì)由衛(wèi)生科學(xué)局(HSA)報(bào)告的已公開(kāi)檢測(cè)和測(cè)試的非法健康產(chǎn)品清單進(jìn)行分析。

This analysis was sparked by a conversation I had with a fellow Entrepreneur First cohort member (Shrey Chaturvedi), when we were discussing about potential problems to tackle in the Southeast Asia counterfeit drug market. I decided it was a good opportunity to work on this mini-project related to what I enjoy — the intersection of drugs and data.

我與一位企業(yè)家第一組同事(Shrey Chaturvedi)進(jìn)行的一次對(duì)話引發(fā)了這種分析，當(dāng)時(shí)我們正在討論東南亞假藥市場(chǎng)需要解決的潛在問(wèn)題。 我認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)與我所喜歡的藥物和數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)的小型項(xiàng)目的好機(jī)會(huì)。

第一部分-數(shù)據(jù)采購(gòu) (Part I — Sourcing for Data)

The database for illegal health products reported by the HSA is available for public viewing on this page. Although this list is not exhaustive, it still serves as a reasonable sample of all the illegal health products being traded in Singapore.

HSA報(bào)告的非法保健產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可在此頁(yè)面上公開(kāi)查看。 盡管此列表并不詳盡，但仍可以作為在新加坡交易的所有非法健康產(chǎn)品的合理樣本。

This dataset is presented as a data table on the site, and was accessed and retrieved on 15th August 2020.

該數(shù)據(jù)集以站點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)表的形式顯示，并于2020年8月15日被訪問(wèn)和檢索。

Screenshot of HSA Illegal Health Products Database Search ResultsHSA非法保健產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)搜索結(jié)果的屏幕截圖

The features available are as follows:

可用功能如下：

Table of dataset features (columns) and respective description數(shù)據(jù)集特征(列)表及其說(shuō)明

The contents of the database on the site was manually transcribed and saved as an Excel (.xlsx) file with the use of Notepad++ and Microsoft Excel. This was then imported into Jupyter Notebook for further analysis using Python 3.

使用Notepad ++和Microsoft Excel手動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)錄了站點(diǎn)上數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的內(nèi)容，并將其保存為Excel( .xlsx )文件。 然后將其導(dǎo)入Jupyter Notebook，以使用Python 3進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析。

Having come across street side counterfeit drug peddlers while overseas on holiday, my initial hypothesis is that these counterfeit drugs are mainly lifestyle products. In particular, the ‘best-seller’ is likely sex-enhancement drugs targeted at the adult male population.

我在國(guó)外度假時(shí)遇到街頭假冒偽劣藥品的小販，我最初的假設(shè)是這些假冒偽劣藥品主要是生活用品。 特別是，“暢銷產(chǎn)品”可能是針對(duì)成年男性人群的性增強(qiáng)藥物。

第二部分-數(shù)據(jù)清理 (Part II — Data Cleaning)

There are a total of 245 reported illegal health products documented in the HSA Illegal Health Products database at the time of this writing.

在撰寫本文時(shí)，HSA非法健康產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中記錄了總共245個(gè)報(bào)告的非法健康產(chǎn)品。

All 54 rows with null values in the ‘Dosage Form’ column were associated with tablets as displayed in the respective ‘Product Description’ column. These null values were thus filled with ‘Tablet’ as a dosage form entry, thereby creating a new Dosage Form category of ‘Tablet’ not utilized previously. The count of null values for each column in the final dataset is shown below:

“劑量表”列中所有具有空值的54行都與相應(yīng)的“產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明”列中顯示的片劑相關(guān)聯(lián)。 因此，將這些空值填充為“片劑”作為劑型條目，從而創(chuàng)建以前未使用的“片劑”的新劑型類別。 最終數(shù)據(jù)集中每列的空值計(jì)數(shù)如下所示：

Frequency count of null values for each column每列空值的頻率計(jì)數(shù)

The null values for shape and color were mainly due to products packaged as vials and bottles, which are harder to characterize as compared to the usual oral tablets or capsules.

形狀和顏色的空值主要是由于包裝為小瓶和瓶子的產(chǎn)品，與普通的口服片劑或膠囊劑相比，它們更難以表征。

Given that there was plenty of missing data in the ‘Remarks for Dosage Form Marking’ column (i.e. 61.2% NA), the review of product markings was omitted in this analysis.

鑒于“劑型標(biāo)記說(shuō)明”列中有大量缺失數(shù)據(jù)(即61.2 ％ NA )，因此在此分析中省略了對(duì)產(chǎn)品標(biāo)記的審查。

There were 13 products with dosage form stated as ‘Pill’, which was an uninformative categorization. The product images were reviewed manually to determine its exact dosage form (i.e. tablet or capsule).

有13個(gè)產(chǎn)品的劑型稱為“藥丸”，屬于非信息性分類。 手動(dòng)檢查產(chǎn)品圖像以確定其確切劑型(即片劑或膠囊劑)。

第三部分-探索性數(shù)據(jù)分析的見(jiàn)解 (Part III — Insights from Exploratory Data Analysis)

Now to the main part of this analysis, which is the patterns and findings observed.

現(xiàn)在到此分析的主要部分，即觀察到的模式和發(fā)現(xiàn)。

(i)產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明 ((i) Product Description)

The product description gives the name of the product, along with some useful (albeit brief) information about its intended use for the consumer. Given that we are dealing with text strings here, it would be a good idea to use a word cloud generator (with Python WordCloud library) to illustrate the text frequency in these descriptions.

產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明給出了產(chǎn)品名稱，以及一些有關(guān)其預(yù)期用途的有用(盡管很簡(jiǎn)短)信息。 鑒于我們?cè)谶@里處理文本字符串，最好使用詞云生成器(帶有Python WordCloud庫(kù))來(lái)說(shuō)明這些描述中的文本頻率。

After removing uninformative stop words (e.g. ‘Brand’, ‘Capsule’, ‘Jiao Nang’ (which means capsule in Chinese) ‘Tablet’), the following word cloud was produced:

刪除無(wú)用的停用詞(例如“ Brand”，“ Capsule”，“ Jiao Nang”(中文是膠囊)“ Tablet”)后，產(chǎn)生了以下詞云：

Full word cloud for Product Description產(chǎn)品描述的完整文字云

It is clear that most of these words are romanization of Chinese characters (i.e. Hanyu Pinyin). This suggests that many products are mainly labelled in Chinese, and interpreting this full word cloud is not the best way to understand the nature of these products.

顯然，這些單詞大多數(shù)是漢字(即漢語(yǔ)拼音 )的羅馬化。 這表明許多產(chǎn)品主要以中文標(biāo)記，并且解釋完整的單詞云并不是了解這些產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)的最佳方法。

Given that the word cloud suggests a high occurrence of Chinese characters, it would be interesting to see the proportion of the illegal health products containing Chinese characters in their product description.

鑒于“云”一詞表明漢字的出現(xiàn)率很高，因此很有趣的是，在其產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明中看到含有漢字的非法保健產(chǎn)品所占的比例。

Proportion of illegal health products containing Chinese characters in product description產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明中含有漢字的非法保健品比例

It can be seen that the list of illegal drugs is dominated by products labeled in Chinese (73.5%). This might imply that either the Chinese population is the primary target group for illegal drug dealers, or that these products are sourced primarily from China.

可以看出，非法藥物清單以中文標(biāo)簽產(chǎn)品占主導(dǎo)(73.5％)。 這可能意味著中國(guó)人口是非法毒品交易者的主要目標(biāo)人群，或者這些產(chǎn)品主要來(lái)自中國(guó)。

The next step is to generate a Chinese character word cloud. This was done by first using regular expression (regex) to extract all Chinese characters from the ‘Product Description’ column, and using Python’s jieba library to tokenize these Chinese characters. With certain Chinese stop words removed (e.g. 膠囊), the WordCloud library was used once again to generate a word cloud:

下一步是生成漢字詞云。 首先，使用正則表達(dá)式( regex )從“產(chǎn)品描述”列中提取所有漢字，然后使用Python的jieba庫(kù)對(duì)這些漢字進(jìn)行標(biāo)記化。 刪除某些中文停用詞(例如膠囊)后，再次使用WordCloud庫(kù)生成詞云：

containing Chinese characters in Product Description包含漢字的產(chǎn)品的詞云

With this Chinese word cloud, it becomes easier to understand the nature of the illegal health products.

有了這個(gè)中文詞云，就更容易理解非法保健產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì)。

• Finding 1

  發(fā)現(xiàn)1

  The word America (‘美國(guó)’) occurs frequently, implying that dealers tend to market their counterfeit drugs as products of USA, likely to falsely augment its appeal, quality and legitimacy towards consumers. This assertion was confirmed when I looked at these specific products containing ‘美國(guó)’, and found these products to be branded with phrases like ‘America Warrior’ and ‘America Viagra’. Another country observed in the word cloud is Germany (‘德國(guó)’), meaning that drugs produced in Germany are also associated with strong branding.

  “美國(guó)”(America，簡(jiǎn)稱“ USA”)字眼經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，表示經(jīng)銷商傾向于將其假冒藥品作為美國(guó)產(chǎn)品銷售，從而有可能錯(cuò)誤地提高其對(duì)消費(fèi)者的吸引力，質(zhì)量和合法性。 當(dāng)我查看這些包含“美國(guó)”的特定產(chǎn)品并發(fā)現(xiàn)這些產(chǎn)品帶有“ America Warrior”和“ America Viagra”之類的商標(biāo)時(shí)，這一說(shuō)法得到了證實(shí)。 在“云”一詞中觀察到的另一個(gè)國(guó)家是德國(guó)('德國(guó)')，這意味著在德國(guó)生產(chǎn)的藥品也與強(qiáng)大的品牌效應(yīng)有關(guān)。

• Finding 2

  發(fā)現(xiàn)2

  The two most common claims made by these health products relate to sexual performance and male genitalia (‘牛鞭’, ‘升陽(yáng)’, ‘延時(shí)’, ‘魔根’), and weight loss (‘減肥’, ‘瘦身’). This is further supported by other frequently occurring nuanced words associated with sexual vitality (‘金聖力’, ‘戰(zhàn)神’, ‘動(dòng)力’, ‘天雄’, ‘神威’).

  這些保健產(chǎn)品提出的兩個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的主張與性行為和男性生殖器(“牛鞭”，“升陽(yáng)”，“延遲”，“魔根”)以及體重減輕(“減肥”，“App.svelte” )。 與性活力相關(guān)的其他頻繁出現(xiàn)的細(xì)微差別詞(“金圣力”，“戰(zhàn)神”，“動(dòng)力”，“天雄”，“神威”)進(jìn)一步支持了這一點(diǎn)。

• Finding 3

  發(fā)現(xiàn)3

  There are several common words associated with dragon (‘龍牌’, ‘天龍’), which is not out of the ordinary since the dragon traditionally symbolizes potent and auspicious powers in Chinese culture.

  與“龍牌”，“天龍”相關(guān)的幾個(gè)常用詞并不奇怪，因?yàn)辇垈鹘y(tǒng)上象征著中國(guó)文化中的有力和吉祥的力量。

• Finding 4

  發(fā)現(xiàn)4

  While drug names are not commonly mentioned in the Chinese descriptions, there is one obvious branded name that appeared frequently, which is Viagra (‘威哥’, ‘偉哥’).

  盡管中文描述中并未普遍提及藥品名稱，但經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一個(gè)明顯的品牌名稱，即“威哥”(“威哥”，“偉哥”)。

It is also important to analyse the other products that did not contain any Chinese characters, which make up 26.5% of this illegal drugs dataset. After removing English and Malay stop words (e.g. Kapsul, Obat), the generated word cloud is shown below:

分析不包含任何中文字符的其他產(chǎn)品也很重要，這些產(chǎn)品占該非法藥物數(shù)據(jù)集的26.5％。 刪除英語(yǔ)和馬來(lái)停用詞(例如，Kapsul，Obat)后，生成的詞云如下所示：

without Chinese characters in Product Description不含漢字的產(chǎn)品的詞云

Similar to what was seen earlier for the Chinese-labeled products, these products also appear marketed for weight loss and sexual enhancement for men. This is observed from the English words (e.g. ‘Men’, ‘Sexual’, ‘Slim’, ‘Weight’), as well as some of the suggestive Malay words (e.g. ‘Kuat’ (strong), ‘Untuk Pria’ (for men), ‘Tongkat Ali’ (herb known for its use in managing erectile dysfunction). All these insights support the earlier hypotheses that sexual enhancement drugs are the leading counterfeit products being traded.

與先前在中國(guó)貼標(biāo)產(chǎn)品上看到的相似，這些產(chǎn)品也出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)男性減肥和增強(qiáng)性欲的市場(chǎng)。 從英語(yǔ)單詞(例如“ Men”，“ Sexual”，“ Slim”，“ Weight”)以及一些暗示性的馬來(lái)語(yǔ)單詞(例如“ Kuat”(強(qiáng))，“ Untuk Pria”(例如男性)，“東革阿里”(以治療勃起功能障礙而著稱的草藥)，所有這些見(jiàn)解都支持早期的假設(shè)，即性增強(qiáng)藥物是主要的假冒產(chǎn)品。

• Finding 5Another finding from the word cloud exploration is the presence of the Malay phrase ‘Asam Urat’, which means uric acid in English. High levels of uric acid in the blood is the cause of gout, and the frequent occurrence of the Malay phrase of uric acid suggests that there are many counterfeit products marketed for gout management as well.

  發(fā)現(xiàn)5從云探測(cè)這個(gè)詞的另一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)是存在馬來(lái)語(yǔ)“ Asam Urat”，這在英語(yǔ)中表示尿酸 。 血液中高水平的尿酸是痛風(fēng)的原因，而馬來(lái)語(yǔ)的尿酸短語(yǔ)的頻繁出現(xiàn)表明，市場(chǎng)上也有許多假冒產(chǎn)品用于痛風(fēng)管理。

(ii) 劑量表 ((ii) Dosage Form)

The majority of these illegal health products are in oral solid dosage forms, namely capsules and tablets.

這些非法保健產(chǎn)品大部分以口服固體劑型存在，即膠囊劑和片劑。

Distribution of the Dosage Forms劑型分布

This is unsurprising since oral formulations offer many advantages such as:

這并不奇怪，因?yàn)榭诜苿┚哂性S多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，例如：

• Ease of manufacture, packaging and transport
  易于制造，包裝和運(yùn)輸
• Good chemical and physical stability
  良好的化學(xué)和物理穩(wěn)定性
• Relatively low cost of production
  生產(chǎn)成本相對(duì)較低
• Simple and accurate dosing for consumers
  為消費(fèi)者提供簡(jiǎn)單而準(zhǔn)確的劑量

(iii) 劑型顏色和形狀 ((iii) Dosage Form Color and Shape)

Since white is the most commonly occurring color for oral medications in general, it is also not surprising to see that white is the predominant color for these illegal health products as well. The next three most common colors happen to be the standard primary colors of red, blue and green.

由于白色通常是口服藥物中最常見(jiàn)的顏色，因此看到白色也是這些非法保健產(chǎn)品的主要顏色也就不足為奇了。 接下來(lái)的三種最常見(jiàn)的顏色恰好是紅色，藍(lán)色和綠色的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)原色。

Distribution of the Dosage Form Colors劑型顏色的分布

In terms of the dosage form shape, the predominant shape is oblong.

就劑型形狀而言，主要形狀是長(zhǎng)方形 。

Distribution of the Dosage Form Shape劑型形狀的分布

By looking at the above charts separately, you might imagine that the most common design is that of a white oblong capsule. However, we should be looking at it from the combined sequence of dosage form, color and shape. With that, it is evident that the most common dosage form design was in fact a green oblong capsule instead of a white one.

通過(guò)分別查看上面的圖表，您可能會(huì)想到最常見(jiàn)的設(shè)計(jì)是白色長(zhǎng)方形膠囊的設(shè)計(jì) 。 但是，我們應(yīng)該從劑型，顏色和形狀的組合順序來(lái)看待它。 由此可見(jiàn)，最常見(jiàn)的劑型設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)際上是綠色的橢圓形膠囊而不是白色的橢圓形膠囊 。

Top 10 most common Dosage Form designs十大最常見(jiàn)的劑型設(shè)計(jì)

Here is an example of what a green oblong capsule looks like:

這是一個(gè)綠色橢圓形膠囊的示例：

(iv)劑型標(biāo)記 ((iv) Dosage Form Markings)

It can be seen that the majority of these illegal health products (60.6%) do not have any markings on them. This makes it all the more difficult to pinpoint the specific identity of these drugs, as well as to distinguish the counterfeit products from the real ones.

可以看出，這些非法保健產(chǎn)品中的大多數(shù)(60.6％)都沒(méi)有任何標(biāo)記。 這使得查明這些藥物的具體身份以及區(qū)分假冒產(chǎn)品與真實(shí)產(chǎn)品更加困難。

Distribution of products with and without markings/engravings帶有或不帶有標(biāo)記/雕刻的產(chǎn)品經(jīng)銷

(v) 摻假者 ((v) Adulterants)

Adulterants are the undetected and unapproved potent medicinal ingredients in the health product, and these adulterants are the main reasons why these counterfeit products are deemed illegal.

摻假品是保健產(chǎn)品中未經(jīng)檢測(cè)和未經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的有效藥用成分，這些摻假品是將這些假冒產(chǎn)品視為非法產(chǎn)品的主要原因。

These adulterants can cause serious adverse health effects owing to accidental misuse, overuse, or interaction with other medications, underlying health conditions, or other ingredients within the supplement.

這些摻假者可能由于意外誤用，過(guò)度使用或與其他藥物，潛在的健康狀況或補(bǔ)充劑中的其他成分相互作用而導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的不利健康影響 。

The following table show the top 10 most common adulterants that form a part of these illegal products.

下表顯示了構(gòu)成這些非法產(chǎn)品一部分的前10名最常見(jiàn)的摻雜物。

Top 10 adulterants discovered in the illegal health products在非法保健產(chǎn)品中發(fā)現(xiàn)的十大摻假

Now would be a good time to bring in some pharmacological knowledge into the fray, by describing the top 5 adulterants seen in the above table.

現(xiàn)在，是描述一些在上表中列出的前五種摻雜劑的好時(shí)機(jī)，將一些藥理學(xué)知識(shí)引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

(1) SildenafilWhat is it? Sildenafil is by far the most common adulterant found in illegal health products. Sildenafil is the generic name of the active compound found in Viagra (brand name), and is used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED).

(1)西地那非是什么？ 迄今為止，西地那非是在非法保健產(chǎn)品中最常見(jiàn)的摻假品。 西地那非是在偉哥中發(fā)現(xiàn)的活性化合物的通用名稱(商標(biāo)名稱)，用于治療勃起功能障礙(ED)。

Fun Fact: Sildenafil was originally developed for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and angina pectoris (chest pain due to heart disease). However, during the clinical trials, researchers found the drug to be more effective at inducing erections than treating angina.

有趣的事實(shí)：西地那非最初開(kāi)發(fā)用于治療肺動(dòng)脈高壓和心絞痛(由于心臟病引起的胸痛)。 但是，在臨床試驗(yàn)期間，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)該藥物比引起心絞痛更有效地誘發(fā)勃起。

Side Effects: While most side effects are generally mild (e.g. flushing, headaches), there is a risk of more severe reactions such as vision loss, priapism (persistent and painful erection), and severe hypotension. These risks are certainly amplified when consuming these counterfeit products, whereby the dosages contained within them are poorly regulated.

副作用：雖然大多數(shù)副作用通常是輕度的(例如潮紅，頭痛)，但存在更嚴(yán)重的React的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，例如視力喪失，陰莖異常勃起(持續(xù)性和疼痛性勃起)以及嚴(yán)重的低血壓 。 當(dāng)消費(fèi)這些假冒產(chǎn)品時(shí)，這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)肯定會(huì)加劇，從而限制了其中所含的劑量。

(2) SibutramineWhat is it? Sibutramine is a compound used for weight loss. This supports the insights gathered earlier that weight loss is a common area which illegal health products tend to target. Sibutramine works by increasing thermogenesis and making the user feel fuller after a meal, and it has mainly been studied in obese patient populations.

(2) 西布曲明是什么？ 西布曲明是用于減肥的化合物。 這支持了早先收集到的見(jiàn)識(shí)，即減肥是非法保健產(chǎn)品往往針對(duì)的常見(jiàn)領(lǐng)域。 西布曲明通過(guò)增加產(chǎn)熱作用和使用戶飯后感覺(jué)更飽滿而起作用，并且主要在肥胖患者人群中進(jìn)行了研究。

Side Effects: It is known to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events like heart attack, stroke and hypertension.

副作用：已知與心血管事件(如心臟病發(fā)作，中風(fēng)和高血壓)的 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加 有關(guān)。

(3) TadalafilWhat is it? Being in the same drug class as Sildenafil (i.e. Phosphodiesterase-5 Enzyme Inhibitors), Tadalafil is also used to treat ED, and shares many similar features with Sildenafil. Its brand name is Cialis.

(3) 他達(dá)拉非是什么？ 與西地那非屬于同一類藥物(即磷酸二酯酶-5酶抑制劑)，他達(dá)拉非也用于治療ED，并且與西地那非具有許多相似的特征。 它的品牌名稱是Cialis。

(4) PhenolphthaleinWhat is it? Phenolphthalein is a laxative, and is commonly found in adulterated weight loss products. Multiple dietary supplements containing Phenolphthalein and Sibutramine have been previously recalled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to their unapproved inclusion in the supplements.

(4)酚酞是什么？ 酚酞是瀉藥，通常在摻假減肥產(chǎn)品中發(fā)現(xiàn)。 美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)之前曾召回多種含有酚酞和西布曲明的膳食補(bǔ)充劑，原因是它們未經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)地包含在其中。

Side Effects: Phenolphthalein exposure has been associated with carcinogenicity (i.e. can cause cancer).

副作用：酚酞的暴露與致癌性有關(guān) (即可能導(dǎo)致癌癥)。

(5) LignocaineWhat is it? Lignocaine is an anesthetic, meaning that it is a medication used to numb tissues in a specific body region when applied topically on the skin or mucous surface. It typically comes in the form of topical products (e.g. spray, gels), and is used to manage premature ejaculation due to its numbing effect.

(5)利多卡因是什么？ 利諾卡因是麻醉劑，這意味著當(dāng)局部應(yīng)用在皮膚或粘液表面時(shí)，它是一種用于麻木特定身體區(qū)域組織的藥物。 它通常以局部用藥(例如噴霧劑，凝膠劑)的形式出現(xiàn)，由于其麻木作用而被用于處理早泄。

Side Effects: Topical use has generally mild side effects such as itch/redness, but the potentially poor quality of the illegal product may lead to unexpected hypersensitivity/allergic skin reactions.

副作用：局部使用通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生輕微的副作用，例如瘙癢/發(fā)紅，但是非法產(chǎn)品的潛在質(zhì)量差可能導(dǎo)致意外的超敏React/過(guò)敏性皮膚React。

From here, I decided to take a closer look at these Lignocaine-containing products, to confirm my hypothesis that all supplements containing Lignocaine are of the topical dosage form.

從這里開(kāi)始，我決定仔細(xì)研究這些含有利諾卡因的產(chǎn)品，以證實(shí)我的假設(shè)，即所有含有利尼卡因的補(bǔ)品都是局部劑型。

Dosage Form distribution of Lignocaine-containing products含利多卡因產(chǎn)品的劑型分布

Although the most common dosage form is indeed something used for topical application (liquid for external use), I was surprised to see that there were quite a number of oral capsule and tablet products containing Lignocaine as well, especially since Lignocaine is not meant for oral consumption. This is certainly something worth looking deeper into.

盡管最常見(jiàn)的劑型確實(shí)是局部用藥(外用液體)，但令我驚訝的是，有相當(dāng)多的口服膠囊和片劑產(chǎn)品也含有利諾卡因，尤其是因?yàn)槔Z卡因不適合口服消費(fèi)。 這當(dāng)然值得深入研究。

下一步 (Next Steps)

This analysis offers some insights into the trends and patterns observed in the illegal health product trade in Singapore, which can be of value for authorities like the HSA. For example, by understanding the common marketed claims and main groups of people targeted by illegal dealers, specially curated education campaigns can be conducted to raise awareness so that the public understands how to better protect themselves.

該分析為新加坡非法保健產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易中觀察到的趨勢(shì)和模式提供了一些見(jiàn)解，這對(duì)于像HSA這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)可能具有價(jià)值。 例如，通過(guò)了解非法經(jīng)銷商所針對(duì)的共同市場(chǎng)主張和主要人群，可以開(kāi)展專門策劃的教育運(yùn)動(dòng)以提高認(rèn)識(shí)，從而使公眾了解如何更好地保護(hù)自己。

Having access to more data (such as place of purchase, country of manufacture, date of reporting, profiles of peddler/consumer etc.) would also help to make this analysis more insightful and useful in tackling the peddling of such illegal products.

能夠訪問(wèn)更多數(shù)據(jù)(例如購(gòu)買地點(diǎn)，制造國(guó)家/地區(qū)，報(bào)告日期，小販/消費(fèi)者的個(gè)人資料等)也將有助于使該分析更具洞察力，并有助于解決此類非法產(chǎn)品的小販。

整理東西 (Wrapping things up)

In reality, it can be very challenging to distinguish real products from counterfeit ones. So here is some advice from your friendly pharmacist: Always purchase your medications and health products from registered medical institutions, clinics and pharmacies. If you do encounter such illegal products being peddled, you may report it to the HSA Enforcement Branch via phone (6866 3485) or email (hsa_is@hsa.gov.sg)

實(shí)際上，將真實(shí)產(chǎn)品與假冒產(chǎn)品區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)可能非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性。 因此，這里有您友善的藥劑師的一些建議：務(wù)必從注冊(cè)的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)，診所和藥房購(gòu)買藥物和保健品。 如果您確實(shí)遇到了此類違法產(chǎn)品被販賣，則可以通過(guò)電話(6866 3485)或電子郵件(hsa_is@hsa.gov.sg)將其報(bào)告給HSA執(zhí)法部門。

I look forward to hearing your feedback on the above analysis. If you would like to have a copy of the code, or wish to discuss more about this review, please feel free to drop me a message on LinkedIn!

我期待聽(tīng)到您對(duì)以上分析的反饋。 如果您想獲得該代碼的副本，或希望討論有關(guān)此評(píng)論的更多信息，請(qǐng)隨時(shí)在LinkedIn上給我留言！

Special thanks to Koo Ping Shung for sharing his feedback on the analysis

特別感謝 Koo Ping Shung 分享他對(duì)分析的反饋

參考書目 (Bibliography)

• Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). Counterfeit Medicine. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/buying-using-medicine-safely/counterfeit-medicine

  藥物評(píng)估和研究中心。 (nd)。 假藥。 于2020年8月15日從https://www.fda.gov/drugs/buying-using-medicine-safely/counterfeit-medicine檢索

• How to identify adulterated, counterfeit and substandard health products, and what you should do. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.hsa.gov.sg/consumer-safety/articles/identify-adulterated-counterfeit-substandard-health-products

  如何識(shí)別摻假，假冒和不合格的保健產(chǎn)品，以及您應(yīng)該怎么做。 (nd)。 于2020年8月15日從https://www.hsa.gov.sg/consumer-safety/articles/identify-adulterated-counterfeit-substandard-health-products檢索

• Illegal Health Products Found in Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.hsa.gov.sg/illegal-health-products-found-in-singapore

  在新加坡發(fā)現(xiàn)非法保健品。 (nd)。 于2020年8月15日從https://www.hsa.gov.sg/illegal-health-products-found-in-singapore檢索

• The dangers of adulterated, counterfeit and substandard health products. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.hsa.gov.sg/consumer-safety/articles/illegal-health-products

  摻假，假冒和不合格保健產(chǎn)品的危險(xiǎn)。 (nd)。 于2020年8月15日從https://www.hsa.gov.sg/consumer-safety/articles/illegal-health-products檢索

• Create wordcloud with chinese. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://amueller.github.io/word_cloud/auto_examples/wordcloud_cn.html

  用中文創(chuàng)建wordcloud。 (nd)。 于2020年8月15日從https://amueller.github.io/word_cloud/auto_examples/wordcloud_cn.html檢索

翻譯自: https://towardsdatascience.com/exploring-illegal-drugs-in-singapore-a-data-perspective-3716a75ee557

總結(jié)

以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的从数据角度探索在新加坡的非法毒品的全部?jī)?nèi)容，希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問(wèn)題。

如果覺(jué)得生活随笔網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容還不錯(cuò)，歡迎將生活随笔推薦給好友。