spss23出現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)消失

District Health Information Software, or DHIS2, is one of the most important sources of health data in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Used by 72 different LMIC governments, DHIS2 is a web-based open-source platform that is used to collect, manage, and analyze routine and critical health data. It is the backbone for national health information systems in these countries and a vital resource for monitoring program and policy performance.

區(qū)衛(wèi)生信息軟件，或DHIS2 ，是在低收入和中等收入國(guó)家(低收入國(guó)家)的健康數(shù)據(jù)的最重要來(lái)源之一。 DHIS2由72個(gè)不同的LMIC政府使用，是一個(gè)基于Web的開源平臺(tái)，用于收集，管理和分析常規(guī)和重要的健康數(shù)據(jù)。 它是這些國(guó)家國(guó)家衛(wèi)生信息系統(tǒng)的骨干，也是監(jiān)控計(jì)劃和政策績(jī)效的重要資源。

Since developing DHIS2, the Health Information Systems Program at the University of Oslo has worked tirelessly to improve the platform to respond to user needs and support training in the platform. The global health community has simultaneously invested in initiatives to improve DHIS2 data quality and encourage the use of DHIS2. However, there has been less attention towards improving the capacity to visualize data within DHIS2. I’ve previously described how often in global health, dashboards can be treated as go-to solutions without essential reflection on user interpretability and key messages; DHIS2 reflects this same quandary.

自開發(fā)DHIS2以來(lái)，奧斯陸大學(xué)的健康信息系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃一直在不懈地努力，以改進(jìn)該平臺(tái)以響應(yīng)用戶需求并支持該平臺(tái)中的培訓(xùn)。 全球衛(wèi)生界同時(shí)投資于改善DHIS2數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量和鼓勵(lì)使用DHIS2的計(jì)劃。 但是，很少有人關(guān)注提高DHIS2中的數(shù)據(jù)可視化能力。 前面我已經(jīng)描述了在全球健康狀況中， 儀表板可以被視為首選解決方案，而不必對(duì)用戶的可解釋性和關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行實(shí)質(zhì)性的思考。 DHIS2反映了同樣的難題。

https://www.dhis2.org/covid-19https://www.dhis2.org/covid-19

Given the widespread use of DHIS2, it has become a key resource for COVID-19 surveillance in LMICs. The recent Digital Solutions for COVID-19 report by the Johns Hopkins University’s Global mHealth Initiative identified DHIS2 as one of the two most standout platforms for COVID-19 surveillance based on maturity, flexibility, and large-scale deployment. DHIS2’s virtually irreplaceable role in COVID-19 surveillance highlights not just the importance, but also the urgency, of considering how to improve data visualization within the platform. In 2018, Aprisa Chrysantina and Johan Ivar S?b? from University of Oslo conducted a study to assess the quality of user-created DHIS2 dashboards in Indonesia. The team has kindly shared some insights from their study with me below as they make a case for investing in data visualization within global health.

鑒于DHIS2的廣泛使用， 它已成為L(zhǎng)MIC中COVID-19監(jiān)視的關(guān)鍵資源 。 約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)(Johns Hopkins University)的全球移動(dòng)醫(yī)療計(jì)劃 ( Global mHealth Initiative)最近發(fā)布的COVID-19數(shù)字解決方案報(bào)告指出，基于成熟度，靈活性和大規(guī)模部署，DHIS2是用于COVID-19監(jiān)視的兩個(gè)最出色的平臺(tái)之一。 DHIS2在COVID-19監(jiān)視中幾乎不可替代的作用不僅凸顯了考慮如何改善平臺(tái)內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)可視化的重要性，而且凸顯了其緊迫性。 2018年，奧斯陸大學(xué)的Aprisa Chrysantina和Johan IvarS?b?進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究，以評(píng)估印度尼西亞用戶創(chuàng)建的DHIS2儀表板的質(zhì)量 。 小組在下面與我分享了他們的研究中的一些見(jiàn)識(shí)，為他們?cè)谌蛐l(wèi)生領(lǐng)域投資數(shù)據(jù)可視化提供了依據(jù)。

https://github.com/chathurawidanage/cor-map/tree/master/docshttps://github.com/chathurawidanage/cor-map/tree/master/docs

Tricia Aung: Why is data visualization important to DHIS2?

Tricia Aung：為什么數(shù)據(jù)可視化對(duì)DHIS2很重要？

Aprisa Chrysantina and Johan Ivar S?b? (DHIS2): Visualisation is a big part of the platform. The users can visualise and analyse their data using pivot tables, all kinds of charts from bar, pie, line, to speedometer, and also GIS functionality. The DHIS2 team believes that the end point of having data is to use it (albeit, correctly) and it will not be possible without ability to visualise the data.

Aprisa Chrysantina和Johan IvarS?b?(DHIS2)： 可視化是平臺(tái)的重要組成部分。 用戶可以使用數(shù)據(jù)透視表，從條形圖，餅形圖，折線圖到速度計(jì)的各種圖表以及GIS功能來(lái)可視化和分析其數(shù)據(jù)。 DHIS2團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為擁有數(shù)據(jù)的目的是使用它(盡管正確)，并且沒(méi)有可視化數(shù)據(jù)的能力是不可能的。

https://community.dhis2.org/t/indonesia-promotes-meaningful-data-use-through-localisation-of-regional-data-use-academy/37380https://community.dhis2.org/t/indonesia-promotes-有意義的數(shù)據(jù)-使用-通過(guò)-本地化-區(qū)域-數(shù)據(jù)-使用-academy / 37380

How has DHIS2 been used in Indonesia?

DHIS2在印度尼西亞如何使用？

Indonesia has been implementing DHIS2 to integrate health data from different programs such as HIV, TB, and reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health. Dashboard implementation has been central to the implementation as it allows health staffs to directly visualise the data they have collected. Less than 2 years after the pilot in the country, DHIS2 has been implemented or at least introduced in 127 districts (24.7% of 514 districts) in Indonesia, and has expanded from 6 pilot programs to 17 different work streams, including pharmaceutical and medical devices, human resources, home care, and COVID-19. The application is mostly used to integrate, visualise, analyse, and report aggregate data across various levels, from facility to district to province, and even national levels.

印度尼西亞一直在實(shí)施DHIS2，以整合來(lái)自不同計(jì)劃(如HIV，TB和生殖，孕產(chǎn)婦，新生兒和兒童健康)的健康數(shù)據(jù)。 儀表板實(shí)施一直是實(shí)施的中心，因?yàn)樗试S衛(wèi)生人員直接可視化他們收集的數(shù)據(jù)。 在印度開展試點(diǎn)活動(dòng)不到兩年的時(shí)間，DHIS2已在印度尼西亞的127個(gè)地區(qū)(514個(gè)地區(qū)的24.7％)實(shí)施或至少引入，并已從6個(gè)試點(diǎn)計(jì)劃擴(kuò)展到17種不同的工作流程，包括制藥和醫(yī)療設(shè)備，人力資源，家庭護(hù)理和COVID-19。 該應(yīng)用程序主要用于集成，可視化，分析和報(bào)告跨各個(gè)級(jí)別的匯總數(shù)據(jù)，從設(shè)施到地區(qū)再到省甚至國(guó)家層面。

What inspired your dashboard assessment in Indonesia?

是什么激發(fā)了您在印度尼西亞的儀表板評(píng)估？

We understood that appropriate and relevant dashboards are not straightforward to make. Users need a certain level of data literacy to create, read, and analyse charts. There was limited evidence in the literature regarding the quality of dashboards created by health staff in the field.

我們知道，適當(dāng)而相關(guān)的儀表板并不容易制作。 用戶需要一定水平的數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)才能創(chuàng)建，讀取和分析圖表。 關(guān)于該領(lǐng)域的衛(wèi)生人員創(chuàng)建的儀表板質(zhì)量的文獻(xiàn)證據(jù)有限。

What led to your decision to use Stephen Few’s dashboard design criteria in the study?

是什么導(dǎo)致您決定在研究中使用Stephen Few的儀表板設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的？

When we conducted this study, guidance to create dashboard and data visualisation are often not presented systematically. However, in his book Information Dashboard Design, Few lists common mistakes with dashboard creation, ranging from clutter and inappropriate contextualisation, to outright wrong use of visualisation techniques. We identified that these mistakes could be translated into guiding assessment questions.

當(dāng)我們進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究時(shí)，創(chuàng)建儀表板和數(shù)據(jù)可視化的指導(dǎo)通常沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)地提出。 但是，在他的《 信息儀表板設(shè)計(jì)》一書中，很少有人列出儀表板創(chuàng)建中的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤，從混亂和不適當(dāng)?shù)纳舷挛沫h(huán)境到完全錯(cuò)誤地使用可視化技術(shù)。 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些錯(cuò)誤可以轉(zhuǎn)化為指導(dǎo)性評(píng)估問(wèn)題。

Table 3. Frequency of dashboard issues from Chrysantina A, S?b? JI. Assessing User-Designed Dashboards: A Case for Developing Data Visualization Competency. InInternational Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries 2019 May 1 (pp. 448–459). Springer, Cham.表3.來(lái)自薩博JI的Chrysantina A的儀表板問(wèn)題發(fā)生頻率。 評(píng)估用戶設(shè)計(jì)的儀表板：開發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)可視化能力的案例。 于2019年5月1日在發(fā)展中國(guó)家計(jì)算機(jī)的社會(huì)影響國(guó)際會(huì)議上(pp.448–459)。 湛史普林格。

What do you think are the most important findings? Was there anything that surprised you?

您認(rèn)為最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是什么？ 有什么讓您感到驚訝的嗎？

Aprisa was (ironically) glad that her suspicion of dashboard quality was proven and that we now have evidence that support that. We were surprised that the frequency of the inappropriate data visualisation usage problem was higher than we expected to be. Unfortunately, although we were involved in some of the trainings where these users created the dashboards, we didn’t investigate the reasons nor the creation process specifically for the purpose of the research. Also, we were surprised that these dashboards and charts were created by health information systems (HIS) consultants or government HIS staff which had either Bachelors or Masters degrees in clinical health/public health or IT. This implied that these advanced educational backgrounds did not guarantee data visualisation literacy.

Aprisa(具有諷刺意味的是)很高興她對(duì)儀表板質(zhì)量的懷疑得到了證明，并且我們現(xiàn)在有證據(jù)支持這一點(diǎn)。 我們感到驚訝的是，不適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)可視化使用問(wèn)題的發(fā)生頻率比我們預(yù)期的要高。 不幸的是，盡管我們參與了這些用戶創(chuàng)建儀表板的一些培訓(xùn)，但我們并未針對(duì)研究目的調(diào)查原因或創(chuàng)建過(guò)程。 同樣，令我們感到驚訝的是，這些儀表板和圖表是由具有臨床衛(wèi)生/公共衛(wèi)生或IT學(xué)士學(xué)位或碩士學(xué)位的健康信息系統(tǒng)(HIS)顧問(wèn)或政府HIS人員創(chuàng)建的。 這意味著這些高級(jí)教育背景不能保證數(shù)據(jù)可視化素養(yǎng)。

Table 4. Sample Visualization Problems from Chrysantina A, S?b? JI. Assessing User-Designed Dashboards: A Case for Developing Data Visualization Competency. InInternational Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries 2019 May 1 (pp. 448–459). Springer, Cham.表4.來(lái)自S?b?JI的Chrysantina A的示例可視化問(wèn)題。 評(píng)估用戶設(shè)計(jì)的儀表板：開發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)可視化能力的案例。 于2019年5月1日在發(fā)展中國(guó)家計(jì)算機(jī)的社會(huì)影響國(guó)際會(huì)議上(pp.448–459)。 湛史普林格。

Did you notice any variation in dashboard quality across levels of the health system (e.g. national vs. facility)?

您是否注意到衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)各個(gè)級(jí)別(例如國(guó)家與機(jī)構(gòu))的儀表板質(zhì)量有何不同？

We didn’t specifically address this question in our study. However the people we mentioned above created dashboards and/or charts in different scopes, whether it was for facilities or at the national level. Through my field visits and discussions, I also found that many of these dashboards were developed as part of DHIS2 training process with trainer/facilitator(s) being around. But as we didn’t investigate the training process and trainer’s roles in data viz creation in depth, we could not say anything further about it.

在我們的研究中，我們沒(méi)有專門解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 但是，我們上面提到的人員在不同的范圍內(nèi)創(chuàng)建了儀表盤和/或圖表，無(wú)論是用于設(shè)施還是在國(guó)家一級(jí)。 通過(guò)我的實(shí)地訪問(wèn)和討論，我還發(fā)現(xiàn)許多儀表板是作為DHIS2培訓(xùn)過(guò)程的一部分開發(fā)的，培訓(xùn)師/輔導(dǎo)員在身邊。 但是，由于我們沒(méi)有深入研究培訓(xùn)過(guò)程和培訓(xùn)者在數(shù)據(jù)即數(shù)據(jù)創(chuàng)建中的作用，因此我們無(wú)法對(duì)此進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。

Example of Indonesia DHIS2 dashboard issues印度尼西亞DHIS2儀表板問(wèn)題示例

How have you used the study findings?

您如何使用研究結(jié)果？

As the research highlighted that people are making poor chart type selection, we have implemented new dimensions for selection panels in the Data Visualization app in DHIS2. Thus, we expect that it will be easier to choose the data and it will guide the chart selection.

由于研究突出表明人們?cè)谶x擇圖表類型方面比較差，因此我們?cè)贒HIS2的“數(shù)據(jù)可視化”應(yīng)用程序中為選擇面板實(shí)現(xiàn)了新的尺寸。 因此，我們希望選擇數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)更容易，它將指導(dǎo)圖表的選擇。

The research has become a foundation for us to encourage the use of standardized dashboards that are built around standard operating procedures and shared down to users. This way, users will get more practically useful dashboards.

該研究已成為我們鼓勵(lì)使用圍繞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序構(gòu)建并共享給用戶的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化儀表板的基礎(chǔ)。 這樣，用戶將獲得更加實(shí)用的儀表板。

The dashboard sharing function has been improved as well. We also added descriptions and dashboards items like boxes that will allow dashboard creators to input more instructions and guidance on how to use the dashboards directly on the dashboards.

儀表板共享功能也得到了改進(jìn)。 我們還添加了描述和儀表板項(xiàng)目(例如框)，使儀表板創(chuàng)建者可以輸入更多有關(guān)如何直接在儀表板上使用儀表板的說(shuō)明和指導(dǎo)。

Specifically in Indonesia, we developed data visualisation guidance materials based on this study result that use real-life examples (i.e of common problems). We delivered these materials academic lectures, roll out, and refresher trainings in discussion method.

特別是在印度尼西亞，我們根據(jù)該研究結(jié)果開發(fā)了數(shù)據(jù)可視化指導(dǎo)材料，這些材料使用了現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的例子(即常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題)。 我們提供了這些材料的學(xué)術(shù)講座，推廣和討論方法方面的進(jìn)修培訓(xùn)。

In addition, the WHO meta-data packages primarily focuses on “best practice” data analysis through dashboards. Working with the WHO, we also make accessible pre-defined dashboards based on current knowledge on how to manage various health programs. These may or may not be fully compatible with what countries are currently collecting, but we also see that these are used as inspiration to make better dashboards in countries.

此外，世衛(wèi)組織元數(shù)據(jù)包主要側(cè)重于通過(guò)儀表板進(jìn)行“最佳實(shí)踐”數(shù)據(jù)分析。 我們還與世界衛(wèi)生組織合作，根據(jù)有關(guān)如何管理各種衛(wèi)生計(jì)劃的最新知識(shí)，提供了可訪問(wèn)的預(yù)定義??儀表板。 它們可能與國(guó)家目前正在收集的內(nèi)容完全兼容，也可能不完全兼容，但是我們也看到這些被用作啟發(fā)，以在國(guó)家中制作更好的儀表板。

This interview has been lightly edited for clarity.

為了清楚起見(jiàn)，對(duì)這次采訪進(jìn)行了少量編輯 。

Thank you to Aprisa Chrysantina and Johan Ivar S?b? for participating in this interview. You can learn more about DHIS2 here. Special thanks to Senthil Natarajan for his editorial support.

感謝 Aprisa Chrysantina 和 Johan IvarS?b? 參加了這次采訪。 您可以 在此處 了解有關(guān)DHIS2的更多信息 。 特別感謝 Senthil Natarajan 的編輯支持。

Tricia Aung is a Research Associate and Faculty member at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in the Department of International Health. She leads workshops and research in visualizing global health data for decision-making in low- and middle-income country audiences. She is a Co-Chair for the DVS Diversity Committee.

特里西婭·昂 ( Tricia Aung) 是 國(guó)際衛(wèi)生部 約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生 學(xué)院的研究員和教授 。 她領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著研討會(huì)和研究工作，以可視化全球衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)為中低收入國(guó)家的受眾提供決策依據(jù)。 她是DVS多樣性委員會(huì)的聯(lián)席主席。

翻譯自: https://medium.com/nightingale/improving-the-visualization-of-health-data-on-2-3-billion-people-cfb83a41bba

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