寫在前面的話

在知乎中看到“英文學術論文寫作，有什么好書可以推薦”話題中有人推薦了香港大學出版社Steve Hart寫的《English Exposed》一書，從副標題“Common Mistakes Made by Chinese Speakers”可以看出書是針對中國人常犯的錯誤而寫的，作者修改過大量論文后把常見的錯誤總結成一本小書。https://www.zhihu.com/question/35071142自己從閱讀中也學到不少，想想給同事潤色過不少論文都有點后怕。俗話說：好記性不如好筆頭，現在的筆頭都是各種筆記軟件或電子版記錄了。在邊讀邊學習的過程中，摘錄要點，作為學習的記錄，也陸續分享一下。如有侵權，請告知刪除。特別需要說的是：如果語法扎實的話，里面大多數錯誤是可以避免的。另外，語言是靈活的，英語語法或用法有的也存在分歧，如果碰到問題，建議多方查詢。最后，在word文檔里編輯好后，寫作插件轉換的格式字體和大小都比較亂，一一修改工作量實在大，就偷懶了。個人感覺：冠詞的用法是英語中最不好掌握的地方之一。?

冠詞使用方面的常見錯誤

冠詞用在名詞前面表明所指的名詞，有定冠詞the、不定冠詞a/an和零冠詞。判定是否需要使用定冠詞最好的方法就是問如下的問題：讀者是否知道我的確切所指？我是否想或者能夠將名詞挑出作為個例？如果兩個問題的答案都是“是”，那么名詞是確定所指，需要前面使用定冠詞the。The changeswere designed to make it easier to attract investment.如果名詞是專有名詞或固定短語的一部分，可能就不需要定冠詞，如下面的例子：The first case study is a company from Hong Kong.They have analysed the policies of PepsiCofrom the US.Most of the workers arrived by bus.如果讀者不能識別或者意識到所描述的確切事物，或者寫作者希望模糊或作一般描述，那么所指事物就是非確定的。如果名詞為非確定所指，就需要不定冠詞或零冠詞。這時，可數名詞單數前面用不定冠詞。A theoryneeds to be found that will help to explain this circumstance.如果名詞為非確定所指，可數名詞復數或不可數名詞前面用零冠詞。Journals may also be a good source of information at this stage.Educationis the main reason for the improvement we are currently seeing.如果名詞為確定所指，可數名詞復數或不可數名詞前面用定冠詞。The journalsin the office may also be a good source of information at this stage.The educationin this country is below the level of its neighbours.?2.1可數名詞單數總需要冠詞

★當名詞作為可數名詞使用時，總需要冠詞—定冠詞或不定冠詞。

Study by Morgan (2009) looked at the issue at a local level. ?

A study by Morgan (2009) looked at the issue at a local level. ?

前面的例子中，study是作為可數名詞使用的，Morgan的一項研究，如果作為不可數名詞使用，就不需要冠詞，如下例(作為學習)：

Study is important for improving concentration in these pupils.

復數形式使用時，如果studies在前面已經提到過，則可以使用定冠詞指提到過的studies：

Six studies were randomly selected from the database for this stage. The studies were given a score out of five for their objectivity.

復數形式在一般情形下使用不需要定冠詞，如下例中的含義同some studies(一些研究)：

Studies have also focused on class size and the diversity of the pupils.

★寫作者稱呼自己的時候。寫作者在論文中稱呼自己為researcher或author的時候，常常漏掉冠詞。Researcher和author為可數名詞，如果特指論文的作者時前面需要定冠詞。Researcher has demonstrated that practices in the country need to be in line with international ones. ?The researcherhas demonstrated that practices in the country need to be in line with international ones. ?Because of this, authordecided to rephrase question four. ?Because of this,the authordecided to rephrase question four. ?常常漏掉冠詞的一個可數名詞是approach(可能是由于前面形容詞different的干擾)：We decided to use different approachthis time. ?We decided to use a different approachthis time. ?★相關錯誤。Such一詞常常導致錯誤。如果其后跟可數名詞單數，中間需要不定冠詞。Such problemwill not be solved in the short term. ?Such a problemwill not be solved in the short term. ?如果其后跟可數名詞復數或不可數名詞，中間需要不定冠詞。Such development can only take place with extensive planning.Such problemswill clearly affect their ability to attract investment.2.2縮寫詞和數詞前面如何使用不定冠詞

★縮寫詞每個單詞拼讀的話，根據第一個單詞的發音決定用a還是an，發元音時前面用an，如SME (S ‘es’, M ‘em’, E ‘e’)。

Unfortunately, it is unlikely that anSME will be able to secure a loan under this scheme.This would not be the case for aPLC.I also spoke toa MODemployee. ?I also spoke to an MODemployee. ?(‘M’= ‘em’)★對于數字，對應英文的拼讀決定了用a還是an。An18-gauge needle . . . (eighteen)★特別注意名詞雖然以字母‘u’開頭但發音為 ‘you’ 的話，需要用a而不是an。The case study was that ofanEuropean country. ?The case study was that of aEuropean country. ?It was not possible without anuniversity degree. ?It was not possible without auniversity degree. ?2.3不使用定冠詞的場合

★寫作者常常在不確定所指的名詞是特例的時候使用the。

This leaves an opportunity for the further study. ?

This leaves an opportunity for further study. ?這一錯誤在介紹背景的時候常常發生，因為寫作者盡管在討論一個具體的主題但常常混淆句子的不定性和特定性特征。在下面的例子中如果使用定冠詞就使得名詞顯得是個例。China hasthelong history of developing this type of product for overseas markets. ?China hasalong history of developing this type of product for overseas markets. ?As previously mentioned, this istheold culture and many traditions have been passed down through the generations. ?As previously mentioned, this is anold culture and many traditions have been passed down through the generations. ?★另外常犯的錯誤是我們在學校學習的語法規則：首次提到用a，再次出現用the。是否用the仍然要看名詞是一般概念還是特指。Brand loyalty(1) is a broad area that has been extensively discussed in the marketing literature. This study will focus onthebrand loyalty (2) and especially the concept of online brand advocacy.此句中第一個brand loyalty為名詞短語的一般概念，所以使用零冠詞，而第二個brand loyalty前面加the為錯誤使用，因為brand loyalty仍然為一般概念。類似的例子如下，國家仍然是泛指，使用零冠詞。It is not just in Asia either, as they have also reported a prevalence of approximately 20%–25% in the Western countries. ?It is not just in Asia either, as they have also reported a prevalence of approximately 20%–25% in Western countries. ?★寫作者在不能識別在泛指名詞的一般意義時容易犯冠詞誤用的錯誤，特別是名詞前有修飾詞時。A major aspect of the customer serviceis the complaint resolution. ?A major aspect of customer serviceis complaint resolution. ?★在定義一個術語或描述其特性時，通常不使用定冠詞。這一點在科技論文中常常出現。The promotional pricingis a form of sales promotion designed to increase product demand by offering a short-term price reduction. ?Promotional pricingis a form of sales promotion designed to increase product demand by offering a short-term price reduction. ?2.4復數名詞使用不定冠詞這一常見錯誤復數名詞跟不定冠詞搭配這一錯誤比較低級，但是常常出現，特別是名詞前有修飾詞時。It has been important to utilize a different contextsfor this. ?It has been important to utilize different contextsfor this. ?所以一定要正確識別名詞。These were all obtained from asemi-structured questionnaires. ?These were all obtained from semi-structured questionnaires. ?The problem withanadditional and revised parameters is the inability to identify them during the later stages. ?The problem with additional and revised parameters is the inability to identify them during the later stages. ?2.5固定短語中冠詞的使用固定短語為通用用法，其中的冠詞使用是“固定”的。★介詞by常與名詞連用構成的短語表示交通、通訊、方法等。這些固定短語中不用冠詞。These were obtained by the interviewafter the questionnaires had been returned and analysed. ?These were obtainedby interviewafter the questionnaires had been returned and analysed. ?I would also recommend doing this by an emailinstead or by the post. ?I would also recommend doing this by emailinstead or by post. ?★in the case of/in case of這兩個短語雖然像，但是意義不同，前者意為“防備、假如、如果發生”，后者意為“就...來說，在...的情況下”。I suggested conducting the experiment indoors in case of rain.This could be as large as 40% in the case ofdeveloping countries.★相關錯誤。注意有的固定搭配是有冠詞的。Most of the literature they had used was out of the dateeven then. ?Most of the literature they had used was out of dateeven then. ?Morgan (1998) covered this at a lengthin his previous paper. ?Morgan (1998) covered this at lengthin his previous paper. ?The headmaster also knew every one of the pupils by the name. ?The headmaster also knew every one of the pupils by name. ?As the result, financial institutions may be reluctant to lend to these firms. ?As a result, financial institutions may be reluctant to lend to these firms. ?2.6什么時候省略冠詞科技論文經常描述的是一般原理和過程，這時候定冠詞常被忽略讓名詞更具有一般意義，特別是復數名詞。Target regionswere identified and drugs then added at regular intervals. Subjectswere observed for one hour or until effectshad worn off, whichever was sooner.標準寫作中，這幾個名詞前需要定冠詞the。但是忽略過度就會使得寫作不準確而難懂。Coefficientdepends on physical parametersof soil. Imageobtained was recorded and added to survey. ?The coefficientdepends on the physical parameters of the soil. The imageobtained was recorded and added to the survey. ?★相關錯誤。標題和目錄中常常省略冠詞。1.1 Nature of Learning Resources 31.2 Learning Resources in Context of Taiwan 5如下例，該部分的標題不含冠詞，但是第一個句子就開始包含冠詞。XII Policy on Marine Area of Surrounding IslandsThepolicy on the marine area ofthesurrounding islands has recently been . . .

總結

以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的怎么判断冠词用a还是an_英文写作常见错误学习笔记 | 冠词的全部內容，希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問題。

如果覺得生活随笔網站內容還不錯，歡迎將生活随笔推薦給好友。