vpn mysql_MYSQL数据库
1.關系型數據庫相關概念
關系Relational ：關系就是二維表，其中：表中的行、列次序并不重要
行row：表中的每一行，又稱為一條記錄record
列column：表中的每一列，稱為屬性，字段，域field
主鍵Primary key：PK ,一個或多個字段的組合, 用于惟一確定一個記錄的字段，一張表只有一個主 鍵, 主鍵字段不能為空NULL
唯一鍵Unique key: 一個或多個字段的組合,用于惟一確定一個記錄的字段,一張表可以有多個UK,而 且UK字段可以為NULL
域domain：屬性的取值范圍，如，性別只能是'男'和'女'兩個值，人類的年齡只能0-150
2.常用關系數據庫
MySQL: MySQL, MariaDB, Percona Server
PostgreSQL: 簡稱為pgsql，EnterpriseDB
Oracle
MSSQL Server
DB2
3聯系類型
一對一聯系(1:1)
一對多聯系(1:n)：外鍵
多對多聯系(m:n)：增加第三張表3聯系類型
4.數據庫規劃流程
1. 收集數據，得到字段 收集必要且完整的數據項 轉換成數據表的字段
2. 把字段分類，歸入表，建立表的關聯 關聯：表和表間的關系 分割數據表并建立關聯的優點 節省空間 減少輸入錯誤 方便數據修改
3. 規范化數據庫
5.數據庫的正規化
在第一范式的基礎上進一步滿足更多規范要求的稱為第二范式(2NF)，其余范式以次類 推。一般數據庫只需滿足第三范式(3NF)即可 規則是死的,人是活的,所以范式是否必須遵守,要看業務需要而定 掌握范式的目的是為了在合適的場景下違反范式
第一范式：1NF
無重復的列，每一列都是不可分割的基本數據項，同一列中不能有多個值，即實體中的某個屬性不能有 多個值或者不能有重復的屬性，確保每一列的原子性。除去同類型的字段，就是無重復的列 說明：第一范式(1NF)是對關系模式的基本要求，不滿足第一范式(1NF)的數據庫就不是關系數據 庫
第二范例：2NF
第二范式必須先滿足第一范式，屬性完全依賴于主鍵，要求表中的每個行必須可以被唯一地區分，通常 為表加上每行的唯一標識PK，非PK的字段需要與整個PK有直接相關性,即非PK的字段不能依賴于部分主鍵
第三范式：3NF
滿足第三范式必須先滿足第二范式屬性，非主鍵屬性不依賴于其它非主鍵屬性。第三范式要求一個數據 表中不包含已在其它表中已包含的非主關鍵字信息，非PK的字段間不能有從屬關系
6.MySQL安裝方式介紹和快速安裝
安裝方式
程序包管理器管理的程序包
源代碼編譯安裝
二進制格式的程序包：展開至特定路徑，并經過簡單配置后即可使用
centos8：安裝光盤直接提供
mysql-server：8.0
mariadb-server：10.3.17
centos7：安裝光盤直接提供
mariadb-server：5.5 服務包
mariadb 客戶端工具包
centos6：
mysql-serve：5.1 服務器包
mysql 客戶端工具包
范例
[14:07:38 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$vim mysql.repo 創建倉庫
[mysql]
name=mysql5.7baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/mysql/yum/mysql-5.7-community-el7-x86_64/
gpgcheck=0配置清華大學倉庫路徑
[14:10:44 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$yum list |grep 'mysql*'可以看到包
[14:10:44 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$yum -y install mysql-community-server
[14:19:40 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$systemctl enable --now mysqld
ss-ntl 發現端口3306開啟
[14:22:34 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysql 5.7版本會默認創建數據庫用戶root'@'localhost
ERROR1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'(using password: NO)
[14:27:43 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$grep password /var/log/mysqld.log 臨時密碼位置2021-01-28T06:20:26.300014Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: AK:1dY&92qyb2021-01-28T06:21:55.139910Z 2 [Note] Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'(using password: NO)2021-01-28T06:22:45.441398Z 3 [Note] Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'(using password: NO)
[14:28:11 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysql -uroot -p'AK:1dY&92qyb'初始密碼登錄后會要求你修改密碼
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connectionid is 4Server version:5.7.33Copyright (c)2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clearthe current input statement.
mysql> ALTER USER root@'localhost' identified by 'Yangbo!0'; 注意密碼要設置的復雜一些
Query OK,0 rows affected (0.00sec)
mysql>status--------------mysql Ver14.14 Distrib 5.7.33, forLinux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
Connectionid: 5Current database:
Current user: root@localhost
SSL: Notinuse
Current pager: stdout
Using outfile:''Using delimiter: ;
Server version:5.7.33Protocol version:10Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket
Server characterset: latin1
Db characterset: latin1
Client characterset: utf8
Conn. characterset: utf8
UNIX socket:/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Uptime:24 min 13sec
Threads:1 Questions: 22 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 107 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 100 Queries per second avg: 0.015
--------------mysql>exit
修改初始密碼嗎方法二
[14:45:28 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysqladmin -uroot -p'AK:1dY&92qyb' password 'Yangbo!0'
Ubuntu默認啟用，空密碼登錄
7初始化腳本提高安全性
運行腳本：mysql_secure_installation
設置數據庫管理員root口令
禁止root遠程登錄
刪除anonymous用戶帳號
刪除test數據庫
范例：針對5.6版本安全加固
[15:06:20 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connectionid is 3Server version:5.6.51MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c)2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clearthe current input statement.
默認空密碼登錄
mysql> selectuser,host from mysql.user;+------+-----------+
| user | host |
+------+-----------+
| root | 127.0.0.1 |
| root | ::1 |
| | centos7 |
| root | centos7 |
| | localhost |匿名賬號| root | localhost |
+------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.00sec)
代表6個用戶
[15:12:11 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysql_secure_installation
NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MySQL
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!In order to log into MySQL to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MySQL, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.
Enter current passwordfor root (enter fornone): 沒有密碼回車
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MySQL
root user without the proper authorisation.
Set root password? [Y/n] y 是否設置root口令
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!Reloading privilege tables..
... Success!By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MySQL without having to have a user account createdforthem. This is intended onlyfor testing, and to makethe installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y 是否移除匿名用戶
... Success!Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from'localhost'. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
Disallow rootlogin remotely? [Y/n] y 禁用遠程登錄
... Success!By default, MySQL comes with a database named'test'that anyone can
access. This is also intended onlyfortesting, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y-Dropping test database...
ERROR1008 (HY000) at line 1: Can't drop database'test'; database doesn't exist
... Failed!Not critical, keep moving...-Removing privileges on test database...
... Success!Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y 是否生效
... Success!Alldone! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MySQL
installation should now be secure.
Thanksfor using MySQL!Cleaning up...
[15:18:19 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysql
ERROR1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'(using password: NO)
再次空口令登錄失敗
[15:17:56 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysql -uroot -p'123456'登錄成功
mysql> selectuser,host from mysql.user;+------+-----------+
| user | host |
+------+-----------+
| root | 127.0.0.1 |
| root | ::1 |
| root | localhost |
+------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00sec)
刪除了之前的不安全登錄
8.MYSQL組成
客戶端程序
mysql: 交互式或非交互式的CLI工具
mysqldump：備份工具，基于mysql協議向mysqld發起查詢請求，并將查得的所有數據轉換成
insert等寫操作語句保存文本文件中
mysqladmin：基于mysql協議管理mysqld
[15:35:39 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysqladmin -uroot -p'Yangbo!0'用法幫助ping[15:29:05 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysqladmin -uroot -p'Yangbo!0' pingmysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysqld is alive
驗證數據庫是否正常運行
shutdown
[15:29:05 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysqladmin -uroot -p'Yangbo!0'shutdown
安全的關閉數據庫，要耐心等待
mysqlimport：數據導入工具
服務器端程序
mysqld_safe
mysqld
mysqld_multi 多實例 ，示例：mysqld_multi --example
用戶賬戶
mysql用戶賬號由兩部分組成：
'USERNAME'@'HOST'
說明： HOST限制此用戶可通過哪些遠程主機連接mysql服務器 支持使用通配符：
% 匹配任意長度的任意字符,相當于shell中*, 示例: 172.16.0.0/255.255.0.0 或 172.16.%.%_ 匹配任意單個字符
9.mysql 客戶端命令
客戶端命令：本地執行，每個命令都完整形式和簡寫格式
mysql>\h, help
mysql>\u，use
mysql>\s，status
mysql> \!，system
服務端命令：通過mysql協議發往服務器執行并取回結果，命令末尾都必須使用命令結束符號，默 認為分號
-A, --no-auto-rehash 禁止補全-u, --user=用戶名,默認為root-h, --host=服務器主機,默認為localhost-p, --passowrd= 用戶密碼,建議使用-p,默認為空密碼-P, --port=服務器端口-S, --socket=指定連接socket文件路徑-D, --database=指定默認數據庫-C, --compress 啟用壓縮-e “SQL“ 執行SQL命令-V, --version 顯示版本-v --verbose 顯示詳細信息--print-defaults 獲取程序默認使用的配置
范例：mysql的配置文件，修改提示符
[16:15:51 root@centos7 yum.repos.d]$mysql -uroot -p'Yangbo!0' --prompt="(\\u@\\h) [\\d]>\\_"臨時修改mysql提示符
[16:17:49 root@centos7 ~]$vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysql]
prompt="\\r:\\m:\\s(\\u@\\h) [\\d]>\\_"寫入配置文件永久保存
范例：配置所有MySQL客戶端的自動登錄
[16:17:49 root@centos7 ~]$vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysql]
user=root
password='Yangbo!0'
服務器端配置
服務器端配置文件：
/etc/my.cnf #Global選項
/etc/mysql/my.cnf #Global選項
~/.my.cnf #User-specific 選項
配置文件格式：
[mysqld]
[mysqld_safe]
[mysqld_multi]
[mysql]
[mysqldump]
[server]
[client]
格式：
parameter = value
socket地址
ip socket: 監聽在tcp的3306端口，支持遠程通信 ，偵聽3306/tcp端口可以在綁定有一個或全部接 口IP上 unix sock: 監聽在sock文件上，僅支持本機通信, 如：/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
范例：關閉遠程連接，通過socket文件連接
vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
skip-networking=1
10.通用二進制格式安裝MySQL 5.7
安裝相關包
[16:45:03 root@centos7 ~]$yum -y install libaio numactl-libs
用戶和組
[16:45:03 root@centos7 ~]$groupadd mysql
[16:45:43 root@centos7 ~]$useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql
準備程序文件
[16:54:22 root@centos7 ~]$wget http://mirrors.163.com/mysql/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12
[16:58:44 root@centos7 ~]$tar xf mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/[16:59:46 root@centos7 ~]$cd /usr/local/[16:59:56 root@centos7 local]$ln -s mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/mysql
[17:03:30 root@centos7 local]$chown -R root:root /usr/local/mysql/
準備環境變量
[17:05:43 root@centos7 local]$echo 'PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh[17:09:09 root@centos7 local]$. /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
準備配置文件
[17:13:41 root@centos7 local]$cp /etc/my.cnf{,.bak} 備份原文件
[17:14:31 root@centos7 local]$vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/data/mysql
skip_name_resolve=1socket=/data/mysql/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/mysql/mysql.log
pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql.pid
[client]
socket=/data/mysql/mysql.sock
生成數據庫文件，并提取root密碼
[17:46:49 root@centos7 /]$mkdirdata
[17:47:00 root@centos7 /]$mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql5.6版本生成數據庫/usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql -- datadir=/data/mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql/[17:48:51 root@centos7 /]$grep password /data/mysql/mysql.log2021-01-28T09:47:16.362119Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: R&d0iVsQ,564初始密碼
[17:53:37 root@centos7 /]$awk '/temporary password/{print $11}' /data/mysql/mysql.log
R&d0iVsQ,564
準備服務腳本和啟動
[17:53:54 root@centos7 /]$cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[18:01:31 root@centos7 /]$chkconfig --add mysqld
[18:01:40 root@centos7 /]$service mysqld start
修改口令
[18:01:51 root@centos7 /]$mysqladmin -uroot -p'R&d0iVsQ,564'password yangbo
[18:05:06 root@centos7 /]$mysql -uroot -p'yangbo'登錄成功
11.源碼編譯安裝mysql-5.6.51
安裝相關依賴包
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ cmake bison bison-devel zlib-devel libcurl-devel libarchive-devel boost-devel ncurses-devel gnutls-devel libxml2-devel openssl-devel libevent-devel libaio-devel perl-Data-Dumper
準備用戶和數據目錄
useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /data/mysql mysql
準備用戶和數據目錄
[18:25:56 root@centos7 ~]$mkdir -p /data/mysql
[18:26:24 root@centos7 data]$chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql
下載源碼包并解壓縮源碼包
[18:21:06 root@centos7 ~]$tar -xf mysql-5.6.51.tar.gz -C /usr/local/src
[18:27:03 root@centos7 data]$cd /usr/local/src/mysql-5.6.51/[18:52:44 root@centos7 mysql-5.6.51]$cmake . \-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/apps/mysql \-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql/\-DSYSCONFDIR=/etc/\-DMYSQL_USER=mysql \-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\-DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\-DWITH_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\-DWITHOUT_MROONGA_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\-DWITH_DEBUG=0\-DWITH_READLINE=1\-DWITH_SSL=system \-DWITH_ZLIB=system \-DWITH_LIBWRAP=0\-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1\-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/data/mysql/mysql.sock \-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci
[18:52:44 root@centos7 mysql-5.6.51]$make && make install如果出錯rm-rf CMakeCache.txt
準備環境變量
[18:52:44 root@centos7 mysql-5.6.51]$echo 'PATH=/apps/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh[18:59:11 root@centos7 mysql-5.6.51]$. /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
生成數據庫文件
[18:59:33 root@centos7 mysql-5.6.51]$cd /apps/mysql/[19:01:20 root@centos7 mysql]$scripts/mysql_install_db --datadir=/data/mysql/ --user=mysql
準備配置文件
[19:01:20 root@centos7 mysql]$cp -b /apps/mysql/support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnfcp: overwrite ‘/etc/my.cnf’? y
準備啟動腳本，并啟動服務
[19:03:28 root@centos7 mysql]$cp /apps/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[19:09:23 root@centos7 mysql]$chkconfig --add mysqld
[19:09:32 root@centos7 mysql]$service mysqld start
安全初始化
mysql_secure_installation
總結
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