ASP.Net Core 3.1 中使用JWT认证
JWT認證簡單介紹
????關于Jwt的介紹網上很多,此處不在贅述,我們主要看看jwt的結構。
??? JWT主要由三部分組成,如下:
HEADER.PAYLOAD.SIGNATURE????HEADER包含token的元數據,主要是加密算法,和簽名的類型,如下面的信息,說明了
加密的對象類型是JWT,加密算法是HMAC SHA-256
{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}????然后需要通過BASE64編碼后存入token中
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9??????? Payload主要包含一些聲明信息(claim),這些聲明是key-value對的數據結構。
通常如用戶名,角色等信息,過期日期等,因為是未加密的,所以不建議存放敏感信息。
{"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name":"admin","exp":1578645536,"iss":"webapi.cn","aud":"WebApi"}也需要通過BASE64編碼后存入token中
eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9???? Signaturejwt要符合jws(Json Web Signature)的標準生成一個最終的簽名。把編碼后的Header和Payload信息加在一起,然后使用一個強加密算法,如 HmacSHA256,進行加密。HS256(BASE64(Header).Base64(Payload),secret)
2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4????最后生成的token如下
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4???
開發環境
框架:asp.net 3.1
IDE:VS2019
ASP.NET 3.1 Webapi中使用JWT認證
????命令行中執行執行以下命令,創建webapix項目:
dotnet new webapi -n Webapi -o WebApi????特別注意的時,3.x默認是沒有jwt的Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer庫的,所以需要手動添加NuGet Package,切換到項目所在目錄,執行 .net cli命令
dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer --version 3.1.0????創建一個簡單的POCO類,用來存儲簽發或者驗證jwt時用到的信息
using Newtonsoft.Json; using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace Webapi.Models{public class TokenManagement{[JsonProperty("secret")]public string Secret { get; set; }[JsonProperty("issuer")]public string Issuer { get; set; }[JsonProperty("audience")]public string Audience { get; set; }[JsonProperty("accessExpiration")]public int AccessExpiration { get; set; }[JsonProperty("refreshExpiration")]public int RefreshExpiration { get; set; }} }????然后在?appsettings.Development.json?增加jwt使用到的配置信息(如果是生成環境在appsettings.json添加即可)
"tokenManagement": {"secret": "123456","issuer": "webapi.cn","audience": "WebApi","accessExpiration": 30,"refreshExpiration": 60}????然后再startup類的ConfigureServices方法中增加讀取配置信息
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services){services.AddControllers();services.Configure<TokenManagement>(Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement"));var token = Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement").Get<TokenManagement>();}????到目前為止,我們完成了一些基礎工作,下面再webapi中注入jwt的驗證服務,并在中間件管道中啟用authentication中間件。
????startup類中要引用jwt驗證服務的命名空間
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer; using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;????然后在ConfigureServices方法中添加如下邏輯
services.AddAuthentication(x =>{x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;}).AddJwtBearer(x =>{x.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;x.SaveToken = true;x.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters{ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(token.Secret)),ValidIssuer = token.Issuer,ValidAudience = token.Audience,ValidateIssuer = false,ValidateAudience = false};});????再Configure方法中啟用驗證
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env){if (env.IsDevelopment()){app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();}app.UseHttpsRedirection();app.UseAuthentication();app.UseRouting();app.UseAuthorization();app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>{endpoints.MapControllers();});}????上面完成了JWT驗證的功能,下面就需要增加簽發token的邏輯。我們需要增加一個專門用來用戶認證和簽發token的控制器,命名成AuthenticationController,同時增加一個請求的DTO類
public class LoginRequestDTO{[Required][JsonProperty("username")]public string Username { get; set; }[Required][JsonProperty("password")]public string Password { get; set; }}[Route("api/[controller]")][ApiController]public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase{[AllowAnonymous][HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request){if (!ModelState.IsValid){return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}return Ok();}}????目前上面的控制器只實現了基本的邏輯,下面我們要創建簽發token的服務,去完成具體的業務。第一步我們先創建對應的服務接口,命名為IAuthenticateService
public interface IAuthenticateService{bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token);}????接下來,實現接口
public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService{public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token){throw new NotImplementedException();}}????在Startup的ConfigureServices方法中注冊服務
services.AddScoped<IAuthenticateService, TokenAuthenticationService>();????在Controller中注入IAuthenticateService服務,并完善action
public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase{private readonly IAuthenticateService _authService;public AuthenticationController(IAuthenticateService authService){this._authService = authService;}[AllowAnonymous][HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request){if (!ModelState.IsValid){return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}string token;if (_authService.IsAuthenticated(request, out token)){return Ok(token);}return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}}????正常情況,我們都會根據請求的用戶和密碼去驗證用戶是否合法,需要連接到數據庫獲取數據進行校驗,我們這里為了方便,假設任何請求的用戶都是合法的。
????這里單獨加個用戶管理的服務,不在IAuthenticateService這個服務里面添加相應邏輯,主要遵循了職責單一原則。首先和上面一樣,創建一個服務接口IUserService
public interface IUserService{bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req);}????實現IUserService接口
public class UserService : IUserService{//模擬測試,默認都是人為驗證有效public bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req){return true;}}????同樣注冊到容器中
services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();????接下來,就要完善TokenAuthenticationService簽發token的邏輯,首先要注入IUserService 和 TokenManagement,然后實現具體的業務邏輯,這個token的生成還是使用的Jwt的類庫提供的api,具體不詳細描述。
特別注意下TokenManagement的注入是已IOptions的接口類型注入的,還記得在Startpup中嗎?我們是通過配置項的方式注冊TokenManagement類型的。
public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService{private readonly IUserService _userService;private readonly TokenManagement _tokenManagement;public TokenAuthenticationService(IUserService userService, IOptions<TokenManagement> tokenManagement){_userService = userService;_tokenManagement = tokenManagement.Value;}public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token){token = string.Empty;if (!_userService.IsValid(request))return false;var claims = new[]{new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name,request.Username)};var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_tokenManagement.Secret));var credentials = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);var jwtToken = new JwtSecurityToken(_tokenManagement.Issuer, _tokenManagement.Audience, claims, expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(_tokenManagement.AccessExpiration), signingCredentials: credentials);token = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwtToken);return true;}}??準備好測試試用的APi,打上Authorize特性,表明需要授權!
[ApiController][Route("[controller]")][Authorize]public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase{private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]{"Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"};private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger){_logger = logger;}[HttpGet]public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get(){var rng = new Random();return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast{Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]}).ToArray();}}????支持我們可以測試驗證了,我們可以使用postman來進行http請求,先啟動http服務,獲取url,先測試一個訪問需要授權的接口,但沒有攜帶token信息,返回是401,表示未授權
????下面我們先通過認證接口,獲取token,居然報錯,查詢了下,發現HS256算法的秘鑰長度最新為128位,轉換成字符至少16字符,之前設置的秘鑰是123456,所以導致異常。
System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: IDX10603: Decryption failed. Keys tried: 'HS256'. Exceptions caught: '128'. token: '48' (Parameter 'KeySize') at????更新秘鑰
"tokenManagement": {"secret": "123456123456123456","issuer": "webapi.cn","audience": "WebApi","accessExpiration": 30,"refreshExpiration": 60}????重新發起請求,成功獲取token
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDUyMDMsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.AehD8WTAnEtklof2OJsvg0U4_o8_SjdxmwUjzAiuI-o
????把token帶到之前請求的api中,重新測試,成功獲取數據
總結
????基于token的認證方式,讓我們構建分布式/松耦合的系統更加容易。任何地方生成的token,只有擁有相同秘鑰,就可以再任何地方進行簽名校驗。
????當然要用好jwt認證方式,還有其他安全細節需要處理,比如palyload中不能存放敏感信息,使用https的加密傳輸方式等等,可以根據業務實際需要再進一步安全加固!
???同時我們也發現使用token,就可以擺脫cookie的限制,所以JWT是移動app開發的首選!
總結
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