2010原
2010年考研英語真題及答案
1710405341
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the perplexing behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not matter what was done in the experiment; so long as something was changed ,productivity rose.A(n) ?awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers’ behavior by itself.
After several decades, the same data were subjected to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise in store. Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have led to misleading interpretation of what happened. For example , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the previous Saturday and continued to rise for the next couple of days. However, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before hitting a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off
3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to business
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting
[D] the controversy over authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions
[B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means
[A] loss of good will
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D] enhancement of dignity
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders
[D] increase the incidence of risks
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.
The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.
31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics
[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”
[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C]has won support from influentials
[D]requires solid evidence for its validity
33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence
[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A]The eagerness to be accepted
[B]The impulse to influence others
[C]The readiness to be influenced
[D]The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B]collect payments from third parties
[C]cooperate with the price managers
[D]reevaluate some of their assets.
37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A]the diminishing role of management
[B]the revival of the banking system
[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses
[D]the weakening of its independence
38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to
[A]keep away from political influences.
[B]evade the pressure from their peers.
[C]act on their own in rule-setting.
[D]take gradual measures in reform.
39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they
[A]misinterpreted market price indicators
[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A]satisfaction.
[B]skepticism.
[C]objectiveness
[D]sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41 →42→43→44→E→45
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “postgraduate association” instead.
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
?
Section I Use of English
1.A
解析：A項 affect 意思是“影響，感動”; B項 achieve意思是“達成，完成”; C項extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D項restore是“恢復，重建”. 這句話的意思是：他們想通過實驗探究車間照明是如何影響工人的生產率的，所以答案是A。
2.B
解析：本題考查了固定短語end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最終成為……”，end 和其它三個介詞的搭配都無此意，故選B。
3.C
解析：本句的大意為：研究最終總結為一個極具影響力的概念—“霍桑效應”，也正是實驗所研究的行為改變了工人們的表現。所以這里應選擇C。
4.B
解析：作者這里表達的意思是這個問題之所以引起大家的注意是因為工廠女工的行為令人費解。四個選項中perplexing意為“令人費解的”，所以正確答案為B。
5.C
解析：本句的含義是：根據研究描述，當照明燈變亮或變暗時，工人的時產量就會提高。四個選項中有描述含義的是C項 accounts。
6.B
解析：這句話的意思是：實驗中做什么并不重要。 Do not matter 固定表達，故選B。
7.D
解析：考查so long as 短語，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改變，生產率就會上升。
8.A
解析：A項awareness 意思是“意識”，B項expectation意為“期望”，C項sentiment 意為“”觀點，意見，D項illusion 為“幻覺”，本句的大意是說：工人知到自己本身是被研究對象-這一意識就足以改變他們的行為。所以選A。
9.C
解析：見第8題解析。
10.D
解析：見第8題解析。
11.C
解析：be subjected to表示“服從于，與……一致’，為固定短語。
12.A
解析：contrary to表示“與…相反“。根據語境提示，空白處需要填寫一個能表示轉折意味的鏈接詞。
13.A
解析：只有evidence一詞可與found呼應，表示“發現或找到證據”。
14.D
misleading“欺騙性，誤導性的”，意思上來看，符合語境所表達的意思。
15.B
解析：for example與上句呼應，舉例說明問題。
16.A
解析：duly表示“準時地，在同一個時間地”，填入句中后意思表達更精確。
17.D
解析：與前句duly rose呼應，遞進說明問題，故應選continue。
18.C
解析：此句意思與上句相反，說明另一種情況，故應使用轉折詞but。
19.B
解析：tend to do“傾向于做某事”，說明一種常規的事實。
20.D
解析：hit 能與a plateau搭配，意為“到達高地，觸及頂點”，句意才符合語境。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.B
22.A
23.C
24.A
25.B
Text 2
26.C
解析：細節題。題干問及商業專利方法在最近引起關注的原因是是什么，解答本題應定位二段首句并結合一段的主旨要義。二段首句指出“國家最高專利法庭準備對商業方法專利進行縮減，這引起了了爭議。”一段主要提及在過去10年商業方法授予了成千上萬的專利。由此可見，選項C是對原文的同義置換故為正確答案。
27.B
解析：推理判斷題。文章在二段提及Bilski case，在四段提及對Bilski case的結論性說明，在四段中針對Bilski case，聯邦機構發表了不同尋常的法令，而四段末句提到該法令引起對“state street Bank ruling”的是否重新考慮，由此可知B為正確答案。
28.C
解析：詞匯短語題。含有該詞的句子起到承前啟后作用，解答本題應結合二段主旨及三段because后的句意來解題，二段提及“國家最高專利法庭準備對商業方法專利進行縮減”，而三段提及introduced such patents…, approving a patent…,由此可知，宣稱對商業方法的控制將會有巨大的態度轉變，故C正確。
29.B
解析：推論題。結合倒數二段二句及末段首句可知B符合文意。此題用排除法最為便利。文章的最后兩段未提到ACD的內容。而B項的內容符合“that too many patents were being upheld”，同時B 選項的內容符合文章的中心。
30.A
解析：主旨題。文章首段提到“過去10年”，而二段首句轉到“Now”，文章的此脈絡結構可知“ A looming threat”可統領文意，此外文章二至四段，主要談及聯邦巡講對“business-method patents”的立場變化，故A為正確答案。
Text 3
31.B
解析：細節題。文章提到Tipping Point真本書描述社會流行風潮是由一小部分名人引起的，然而，筆鋒一轉在首段末又說“it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread”.進而引出作者對名人傳播想法功能的討論。由此B選項正確。而A、C、D 均不是作者要討論的問題。
32.D
解析：細節題。文章第二段首句 “the supposed…plausible sounding but largely untested theory..”以及末句“…only certain special people can drive trends”充分說明這種理論證據不夠充足。而D選項正確的反應了文中的內容。
33.A
解析：根據題干，線索大致定位到第三段，但是第三段并沒有清晰的找到題解，而接下來的第四段清晰的反應出了社會互動所產生的巨大影響這一內容。A選項充分的表明了這一點。
34.C
解析：根據題干，線索定位到第四段。同過分析這個短語所在的句子，“For a social epidemic…;just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with…”此句主要表明人們是如何被別人影響進而又去影響別人的。而C選項恰是對這一點的正確表述。
35.C
解析：細節題。根據題干，線索定位到最后一段，從“…relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be…”這句話中能夠得知社會影響動力因素包括人們影響別人的能力包括被別人影響的傾向性。而C選項充分的體現了這一點。
Text 4
36.A
解析：細節題。答案意為“遵循不利的資產評估準則”。
由題干中的 “Bankers complained” 和 “force”定位于第一段第三行 “Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.” 該句核心詞為rules，四個答案中只有A選項包含。
37.A
解析：推理引申題。答案意為“管理的作用的逐漸消失”。根據題干中的專有名詞FASB定位于第三段。第一句提到FASB經過努力使國會通過了一些變革，這些變革賦予了銀行更多的權利，也就是說對銀行的管理更為松散，所以答案為“管理的作用的逐漸消失”。
38.C
解析：細節題。答案意為“獨立自主的制定法規”。根據題干中的 “McCreevy objects to”定位到第五段。第五段提到立即根據美國的變化做出一樣的反應，歐洲的各界人士對此的反對十分強烈，引用McCreevy的話是為了說明這一點：歐洲要對這個問題有自己獨立的法律法規。
39.C
解析：句意題。答案意為“忽視了壞賬存在的極大可能性”。根據題干的信息定位到第六段Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.批判銀行一味的夸大“that market prices overstate losses”，而忽視了“the likely extent of bad debts”。
40.D
解析：情感態度題。文章討論了銀行針對“standard-setters”的敵意行為，特別是文章最后一段更是明確的表明了作者對“standard-setters”的同情。
Part B
41.B
解析：本題需要找出文章的首段，可用排除法做。首先A 選項中提到“the first and more important…”中的 “more” 應該在前文中提到，故排除。B選項首句就提出了歐洲食品零售所面臨的問題，根據文章結構法：提出問題—分析問題—解決問題，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章的中心問題，而且本選項中也沒有明顯的需要和上文銜接的關系詞，而其它選項都有明顯的與上文銜接的信息詞，不能在首段出現，故B為正確答案。
42.F
解析：首段一旦確定，本段內容便可根據上文順藤摸瓜，第一段最后一句話“but”后指出了雖然食品零售商面臨著“at a standstill (幾乎停止發展)”的問題，他們卻忽略了一個潛在的市場即他們身邊的 “wholesale food and trade(食品批發市場)”。而F 選項首句便舉例說明法國、德國、意大利等國家的食品批發產業的市場規模比食品零售產業要大40%。而且在“moreover”后又進一步說明批發的利潤大零售很多。因此可以判斷此選項是對第一段的例證說明。其中 “for example” 是明顯的信息提示詞。
43.D
解析：上段介紹了食品批發商的優勢，而D選項第一句“All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which…” 則對上文的內容進行總結，其中all in all 是較明顯的信息提示詞，即上文中提到的食品批發的優勢推出這是明顯對于 “big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling”是一個“market”。因此D項為正確答案。
44.G
解析：上段最后一句提出的“particular abilities” 以及“new skills and unfamiliar business models are needed.” , 即零售商需要新的技能及不熟悉的商業模式。而G選項第一句提到的 “these requirements(這些要求)”正是指上文所提到的技能。
45.A
解析：此題可以用排除法做，所剩下的選項只有A和C，需要注意的是本題并沒有明顯的信息詞，所以需要閱讀選項的內容進而找出正確答案。此題前文的已知段落E選項中最后一句“two opposing trends”在A選項中得到了體現，即一方面由于人們選擇在外就餐而擴大了食品批發的需求，而另一方面人們又開始感到“anxious(焦慮)”。而C選項第一句提到的“such variations”在上文中并沒有得到體現，因此可以斷定A為正確答案。
Part C
46. Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
解析：句子的主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence”，后接that 引導的同位語從句。If引導的條件狀語從句修飾that從句。to the effect that大意是，意思是; fail to 未能; jump to立即，趕快 the rescue營救,援救，解救。
參考譯文：科學家們立即拿出某些明顯站不住腳的證據前來救駕，大致說的是如果鳥兒不能控制害蟲的話，害蟲就會把我們吃掉。
47. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
解析：句子主干we have drawn near the point。介詞短語of admitting that...作定語修飾point。其中嵌套了that從句作admit的賓語從句。regardless of...作讓步狀語。a matter of .....的問題，大約;draw near 接近，靠近;intrinsic right天生的權利，固有的權利;economic advantage經濟利益，經濟優勢。
參考譯文：但是我們至少已經幾乎承認了這樣一種觀點：不管鳥類對我們是否有經濟利益，生存都是它們的固有權利。
48. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.
解析：主干time was when...。when引導了表語從句。Time was when可看作固定短語，譯為“從前，曾經”。注意兩個并列同位語從句的翻譯。
參考譯文：曾幾何時，生物學家總是重述以下的這條證據：這些生物通過捕食弱小的動物去維持生物鏈的正常運行，或它們只是去捕食“沒有價值的物種”。
49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
解析：句子的主體是“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”，包含被動語態。句子開頭是一個where引導的定語從句，to be preserved是修飾noncommercial tree species的成分。Within reason合情合理的，理智的。注意被動語態的處理。
參考譯文：歐洲的林業從生態上講較為先進，它把沒有成為商業化對象的樹種視為原始森林群落的成員而適當地加以保護。
50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
解析：句子主干“It tends to ignore many elements”;兩個that從句意思上轉折，句法上為并列的定語從句，修飾the land community。注意插入語、定語從句以及代詞指代的處理。
參考譯文：這一體系容易忽視并最終消滅很多缺乏商業價值的物種，然而這些物種對于整個生物群落的健康運行是至關重要的。
Section III Writing
51.小作文
以研究生會的名義寫一封通知，通知的內容是為全球一體化的國際會議招募志愿者，這個通知必須包aa括申請者的基本職位要求及你認為相關的其他信息。寫100個字左右，不要在通知末尾寫你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替。
審題謀篇：
本次小作文考察“通知”這一事務公文，“通知”的目的在于督促對方參加活動，具體來講，是招募志愿者。結構上，只需寫題目，正文，署名以及時間即可。語言上，語言應直截了當，簡潔明了，可適當使用被動句表達。內容上，題目要求寫招募職位，以及相關信息。關于職位，可寫涉及前臺接待、會場指引、乘車指引、英文翻譯等服務的崗位。此外，還可以對志愿者提出要求，志愿者應該工作認真負責、積極主動，具有團隊合作精神的，另外還需要溝通能力強，具有較好的英語口語和聽力水平等。其他相關信息，可以提及會議時間，地點，將怎樣安排志愿者等。
參考范文一：
Notice
Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted. Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity. The major task for this position are as follows: to begin with, to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world; in addition, to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference, aiming at facilitating the process of the meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome!
Postgraduates’ Association
Jan. 9th, 2010
參考范文二：
Notice
The International Conference of Global Integration will be held on September 23 at China Institute of International Studies, and twenty volunteers are wanted among the students in our school.
The positions recruited include receptionist, conference guider, transportation guider and English interpreter, and the volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be active, open-minded and conscientious. All the volunteers will be trained for 5 days before the conference and provided with free transportation and meal.
For those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1.
Postgraduates’ Association
Jan. 9th, 2010
參考范文三：
Announcement
Postgraduates’ Association is recently looking for Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration. Applicants should be currently studying at the university, and should preferably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events.
The successful applicant will be expected to propaganda the theme of globalization in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. Fair pay for the position is available and will be based on your experience.
If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1st.
Postgraduates’ Association
Jan. 9th, 2010
52.大作文
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments on the phenomenon.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)
?
審題謀篇：
本題為圖畫作文，圖片上是一個熱氣騰騰的火鍋，里面包括著諸如“儒學”，“解構”，“人本”，“莎士比亞”，“功夫”等中西文化標志詞。下面有一行注釋。在審題構思時應該注意：把握好這幅圖的象征寓意。火鍋中包含著各種各樣的文化元素，代表了不同文化的和諧融合，民族的文化可以成為世界的，這一趨勢對人類發展是有利的。由此可見，本次作文的主題是文化融合。
提綱包括兩點，一是描述圖片并解釋含義，二是對此現象作出評論。文章也可分為三段，第一段：描述圖畫，描述圖片中的各類文化元素。可能用到的詞匯是literature,(文學) moral values(道德價值)performing arts(表演藝術)等。
第二段：闡釋圖片含義。最好在段首設置主題句，然后圍繞主題句展開。本圖片中所顯示的文化交流反映了兩方面的情況，中國文化對世界文化的滲透，中國的騰飛無疑使中國文化這顆世界文化中的瑰寶更加耀眼。另一方面，中國文化也逐漸受到其他國家文化的影響。
第三段：對此現象做出評論。此評論部分可以提出建議，考慮背景及原因，或描述未來，預測未來，也可以講世界文化融合、交流是時代的潮流,同時還要保持和振興各族文化。
參考范文：
The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultural elements.
Obviously, the picture characterizes the status quo of Chinese society in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries have been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown their enthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this oriental country. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world.
In my opinion, the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become an inevitable trend of the time. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the western world. The clearer we grasp the current situation, the more it would be beneficial to the global villagers.
1710405341
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the perplexing behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not matter what was done in the experiment; so long as something was changed ,productivity rose.A(n) ?awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers’ behavior by itself.
After several decades, the same data were subjected to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise in store. Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have led to misleading interpretation of what happened. For example , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the previous Saturday and continued to rise for the next couple of days. However, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before hitting a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off
3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
? ? ? ? Text 1
? ? ? ? Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
? ? ? ? It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
? ? ? ? We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. "So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,"Newman wrote, "that I an tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are'."
? ? ? ? Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
? ? ? ? Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to business
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting
[D] the controversy over authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions
[B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means
[A] loss of good will
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D] enhancement of dignity
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders
[D] increase the incidence of risks
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.
The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.
31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics
[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”
[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C]has won support from influentials
[D]requires solid evidence for its validity
33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence
[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A]The eagerness to be accepted
[B]The impulse to influence others
[C]The readiness to be influenced
[D]The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B]collect payments from third parties
[C]cooperate with the price managers
[D]reevaluate some of their assets.
37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A]the diminishing role of management
[B]the revival of the banking system
[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses
[D]the weakening of its independence
38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to
[A]keep away from political influences.
[B]evade the pressure from their peers.
[C]act on their own in rule-setting.
[D]take gradual measures in reform.
39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they
[A]misinterpreted market price indicators
[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A]satisfaction.
[B]skepticism.
[C]objectiveness
[D]sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41 →42→43→44→E→45
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “postgraduate association” instead.
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
?
Section I Use of English
1.A
解析：A項 affect 意思是“影響，感動”; B項 achieve意思是“達成，完成”; C項extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D項restore是“恢復，重建”. 這句話的意思是：他們想通過實驗探究車間照明是如何影響工人的生產率的，所以答案是A。
2.B
解析：本題考查了固定短語end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最終成為……”，end 和其它三個介詞的搭配都無此意，故選B。
3.C
解析：本句的大意為：研究最終總結為一個極具影響力的概念—“霍桑效應”，也正是實驗所研究的行為改變了工人們的表現。所以這里應選擇C。
4.B
解析：作者這里表達的意思是這個問題之所以引起大家的注意是因為工廠女工的行為令人費解。四個選項中perplexing意為“令人費解的”，所以正確答案為B。
5.C
解析：本句的含義是：根據研究描述，當照明燈變亮或變暗時，工人的時產量就會提高。四個選項中有描述含義的是C項 accounts。
6.B
解析：這句話的意思是：實驗中做什么并不重要。 Do not matter 固定表達，故選B。
7.D
解析：考查so long as 短語，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改變，生產率就會上升。
8.A
解析：A項awareness 意思是“意識”，B項expectation意為“期望”，C項sentiment 意為“”觀點，意見，D項illusion 為“幻覺”，本句的大意是說：工人知到自己本身是被研究對象-這一意識就足以改變他們的行為。所以選A。
9.C
解析：見第8題解析。
10.D
解析：見第8題解析。
11.C
解析：be subjected to表示“服從于，與……一致’，為固定短語。
12.A
解析：contrary to表示“與…相反“。根據語境提示，空白處需要填寫一個能表示轉折意味的鏈接詞。
13.A
解析：只有evidence一詞可與found呼應，表示“發現或找到證據”。
14.D
misleading“欺騙性，誤導性的”，意思上來看，符合語境所表達的意思。
15.B
解析：for example與上句呼應，舉例說明問題。
16.A
解析：duly表示“準時地，在同一個時間地”，填入句中后意思表達更精確。
17.D
解析：與前句duly rose呼應，遞進說明問題，故應選continue。
18.C
解析：此句意思與上句相反，說明另一種情況，故應使用轉折詞but。
19.B
解析：tend to do“傾向于做某事”，說明一種常規的事實。
20.D
解析：hit 能與a plateau搭配，意為“到達高地，觸及頂點”，句意才符合語境。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.B
22.A
23.C
24.A
25.B
Text 2
26.C
解析：細節題。題干問及商業專利方法在最近引起關注的原因是是什么，解答本題應定位二段首句并結合一段的主旨要義。二段首句指出“國家最高專利法庭準備對商業方法專利進行縮減，這引起了了爭議。”一段主要提及在過去10年商業方法授予了成千上萬的專利。由此可見，選項C是對原文的同義置換故為正確答案。
27.B
解析：推理判斷題。文章在二段提及Bilski case，在四段提及對Bilski case的結論性說明，在四段中針對Bilski case，聯邦機構發表了不同尋常的法令，而四段末句提到該法令引起對“state street Bank ruling”的是否重新考慮，由此可知B為正確答案。
28.C
解析：詞匯短語題。含有該詞的句子起到承前啟后作用，解答本題應結合二段主旨及三段because后的句意來解題，二段提及“國家最高專利法庭準備對商業方法專利進行縮減”，而三段提及introduced such patents…, approving a patent…,由此可知，宣稱對商業方法的控制將會有巨大的態度轉變，故C正確。
29.B
解析：推論題。結合倒數二段二句及末段首句可知B符合文意。此題用排除法最為便利。文章的最后兩段未提到ACD的內容。而B項的內容符合“that too many patents were being upheld”，同時B 選項的內容符合文章的中心。
30.A
解析：主旨題。文章首段提到“過去10年”，而二段首句轉到“Now”，文章的此脈絡結構可知“ A looming threat”可統領文意，此外文章二至四段，主要談及聯邦巡講對“business-method patents”的立場變化，故A為正確答案。
Text 3
31.B
解析：細節題。文章提到Tipping Point真本書描述社會流行風潮是由一小部分名人引起的，然而，筆鋒一轉在首段末又說“it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread”.進而引出作者對名人傳播想法功能的討論。由此B選項正確。而A、C、D 均不是作者要討論的問題。
32.D
解析：細節題。文章第二段首句 “the supposed…plausible sounding but largely untested theory..”以及末句“…only certain special people can drive trends”充分說明這種理論證據不夠充足。而D選項正確的反應了文中的內容。
33.A
解析：根據題干，線索大致定位到第三段，但是第三段并沒有清晰的找到題解，而接下來的第四段清晰的反應出了社會互動所產生的巨大影響這一內容。A選項充分的表明了這一點。
34.C
解析：根據題干，線索定位到第四段。同過分析這個短語所在的句子，“For a social epidemic…;just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with…”此句主要表明人們是如何被別人影響進而又去影響別人的。而C選項恰是對這一點的正確表述。
35.C
解析：細節題。根據題干，線索定位到最后一段，從“…relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be…”這句話中能夠得知社會影響動力因素包括人們影響別人的能力包括被別人影響的傾向性。而C選項充分的體現了這一點。
Text 4
36.A
解析：細節題。答案意為“遵循不利的資產評估準則”。
由題干中的 “Bankers complained” 和 “force”定位于第一段第三行 “Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.” 該句核心詞為rules，四個答案中只有A選項包含。
37.A
解析：推理引申題。答案意為“管理的作用的逐漸消失”。根據題干中的專有名詞FASB定位于第三段。第一句提到FASB經過努力使國會通過了一些變革，這些變革賦予了銀行更多的權利，也就是說對銀行的管理更為松散，所以答案為“管理的作用的逐漸消失”。
38.C
解析：細節題。答案意為“獨立自主的制定法規”。根據題干中的 “McCreevy objects to”定位到第五段。第五段提到立即根據美國的變化做出一樣的反應，歐洲的各界人士對此的反對十分強烈，引用McCreevy的話是為了說明這一點：歐洲要對這個問題有自己獨立的法律法規。
39.C
解析：句意題。答案意為“忽視了壞賬存在的極大可能性”。根據題干的信息定位到第六段Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.批判銀行一味的夸大“that market prices overstate losses”，而忽視了“the likely extent of bad debts”。
40.D
解析：情感態度題。文章討論了銀行針對“standard-setters”的敵意行為，特別是文章最后一段更是明確的表明了作者對“standard-setters”的同情。
Part B
41.B
解析：本題需要找出文章的首段，可用排除法做。首先A 選項中提到“the first and more important…”中的 “more” 應該在前文中提到，故排除。B選項首句就提出了歐洲食品零售所面臨的問題，根據文章結構法：提出問題—分析問題—解決問題，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章的中心問題，而且本選項中也沒有明顯的需要和上文銜接的關系詞，而其它選項都有明顯的與上文銜接的信息詞，不能在首段出現，故B為正確答案。
42.F
解析：首段一旦確定，本段內容便可根據上文順藤摸瓜，第一段最后一句話“but”后指出了雖然食品零售商面臨著“at a standstill (幾乎停止發展)”的問題，他們卻忽略了一個潛在的市場即他們身邊的 “wholesale food and trade(食品批發市場)”。而F 選項首句便舉例說明法國、德國、意大利等國家的食品批發產業的市場規模比食品零售產業要大40%。而且在“moreover”后又進一步說明批發的利潤大零售很多。因此可以判斷此選項是對第一段的例證說明。其中 “for example” 是明顯的信息提示詞。
43.D
解析：上段介紹了食品批發商的優勢，而D選項第一句“All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which…” 則對上文的內容進行總結，其中all in all 是較明顯的信息提示詞，即上文中提到的食品批發的優勢推出這是明顯對于 “big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling”是一個“market”。因此D項為正確答案。
44.G
解析：上段最后一句提出的“particular abilities” 以及“new skills and unfamiliar business models are needed.” , 即零售商需要新的技能及不熟悉的商業模式。而G選項第一句提到的 “these requirements(這些要求)”正是指上文所提到的技能。
45.A
解析：此題可以用排除法做，所剩下的選項只有A和C，需要注意的是本題并沒有明顯的信息詞，所以需要閱讀選項的內容進而找出正確答案。此題前文的已知段落E選項中最后一句“two opposing trends”在A選項中得到了體現，即一方面由于人們選擇在外就餐而擴大了食品批發的需求，而另一方面人們又開始感到“anxious(焦慮)”。而C選項第一句提到的“such variations”在上文中并沒有得到體現，因此可以斷定A為正確答案。
Part C
46. Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
解析：句子的主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence”，后接that 引導的同位語從句。If引導的條件狀語從句修飾that從句。to the effect that大意是，意思是; fail to 未能; jump to立即，趕快 the rescue營救,援救，解救。
參考譯文：科學家們立即拿出某些明顯站不住腳的證據前來救駕，大致說的是如果鳥兒不能控制害蟲的話，害蟲就會把我們吃掉。
47. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
解析：句子主干we have drawn near the point。介詞短語of admitting that...作定語修飾point。其中嵌套了that從句作admit的賓語從句。regardless of...作讓步狀語。a matter of .....的問題，大約;draw near 接近，靠近;intrinsic right天生的權利，固有的權利;economic advantage經濟利益，經濟優勢。
參考譯文：但是我們至少已經幾乎承認了這樣一種觀點：不管鳥類對我們是否有經濟利益，生存都是它們的固有權利。
48. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.
解析：主干time was when...。when引導了表語從句。Time was when可看作固定短語，譯為“從前，曾經”。注意兩個并列同位語從句的翻譯。
參考譯文：曾幾何時，生物學家總是重述以下的這條證據：這些生物通過捕食弱小的動物去維持生物鏈的正常運行，或它們只是去捕食“沒有價值的物種”。
49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
解析：句子的主體是“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”，包含被動語態。句子開頭是一個where引導的定語從句，to be preserved是修飾noncommercial tree species的成分。Within reason合情合理的，理智的。注意被動語態的處理。
參考譯文：歐洲的林業從生態上講較為先進，它把沒有成為商業化對象的樹種視為原始森林群落的成員而適當地加以保護。
50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
解析：句子主干“It tends to ignore many elements”;兩個that從句意思上轉折，句法上為并列的定語從句，修飾the land community。注意插入語、定語從句以及代詞指代的處理。
參考譯文：這一體系容易忽視并最終消滅很多缺乏商業價值的物種，然而這些物種對于整個生物群落的健康運行是至關重要的。
Section III Writing
51.小作文
以研究生會的名義寫一封通知，通知的內容是為全球一體化的國際會議招募志愿者，這個通知必須包aa括申請者的基本職位要求及你認為相關的其他信息。寫100個字左右，不要在通知末尾寫你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替。
審題謀篇：
本次小作文考察“通知”這一事務公文，“通知”的目的在于督促對方參加活動，具體來講，是招募志愿者。結構上，只需寫題目，正文，署名以及時間即可。語言上，語言應直截了當，簡潔明了，可適當使用被動句表達。內容上，題目要求寫招募職位，以及相關信息。關于職位，可寫涉及前臺接待、會場指引、乘車指引、英文翻譯等服務的崗位。此外，還可以對志愿者提出要求，志愿者應該工作認真負責、積極主動，具有團隊合作精神的，另外還需要溝通能力強，具有較好的英語口語和聽力水平等。其他相關信息，可以提及會議時間，地點，將怎樣安排志愿者等。
參考范文一：
Notice
Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted. Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity. The major task for this position are as follows: to begin with, to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world; in addition, to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference, aiming at facilitating the process of the meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome!
Postgraduates’ Association
Jan. 9th, 2010
參考范文二：
Notice
The International Conference of Global Integration will be held on September 23 at China Institute of International Studies, and twenty volunteers are wanted among the students in our school.
The positions recruited include receptionist, conference guider, transportation guider and English interpreter, and the volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be active, open-minded and conscientious. All the volunteers will be trained for 5 days before the conference and provided with free transportation and meal.
For those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1.
Postgraduates’ Association
Jan. 9th, 2010
參考范文三：
Announcement
Postgraduates’ Association is recently looking for Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration. Applicants should be currently studying at the university, and should preferably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events.
The successful applicant will be expected to propaganda the theme of globalization in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. Fair pay for the position is available and will be based on your experience.
If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1st.
Postgraduates’ Association
Jan. 9th, 2010
52.大作文
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments on the phenomenon.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)
?
審題謀篇：
本題為圖畫作文，圖片上是一個熱氣騰騰的火鍋，里面包括著諸如“儒學”，“解構”，“人本”，“莎士比亞”，“功夫”等中西文化標志詞。下面有一行注釋。在審題構思時應該注意：把握好這幅圖的象征寓意。火鍋中包含著各種各樣的文化元素，代表了不同文化的和諧融合，民族的文化可以成為世界的，這一趨勢對人類發展是有利的。由此可見，本次作文的主題是文化融合。
提綱包括兩點，一是描述圖片并解釋含義，二是對此現象作出評論。文章也可分為三段，第一段：描述圖畫，描述圖片中的各類文化元素。可能用到的詞匯是literature,(文學) moral values(道德價值)performing arts(表演藝術)等。
第二段：闡釋圖片含義。最好在段首設置主題句，然后圍繞主題句展開。本圖片中所顯示的文化交流反映了兩方面的情況，中國文化對世界文化的滲透，中國的騰飛無疑使中國文化這顆世界文化中的瑰寶更加耀眼。另一方面，中國文化也逐漸受到其他國家文化的影響。
第三段：對此現象做出評論。此評論部分可以提出建議，考慮背景及原因，或描述未來，預測未來，也可以講世界文化融合、交流是時代的潮流,同時還要保持和振興各族文化。
參考范文：
The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultural elements.
Obviously, the picture characterizes the status quo of Chinese society in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries have been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown their enthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this oriental country. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world.
In my opinion, the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become an inevitable trend of the time. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the western world. The clearer we grasp the current situation, the more it would be beneficial to the global villagers.
總結
- 上一篇： 微分流形与黎曼几何学习笔记(转自http
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