? 學期快結束了，學了一個學期FPGA課程，通過自己思索加上老師的指導我完成了自己第一份交通燈的作業，我希望把經驗分享給學習Verilog遇到困難的同學，更希望大家都能順利完成自己的作業。

??燈能左右改變方向，作品能夠模擬紅、黃、綠、左右轉彎燈等形式，按鍵可以操控燈的狀態。并且，作品具備三個交通方式。例如雙閃緩行，應急通道。

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做交通燈需要狀態機的知識

根據狀態機的輸出信號是否與電路的輸入有關分為 Mealy型狀態機和 Moore 型狀態機。

Mealy型狀態機：電路的輸出信號不僅與電路的當前的狀態有關，還與電路的輸入有關。

Moore型狀態機：電路的輸入僅與各觸發器的狀態有關，與電路的輸入無關。

? 一段式狀態機、二段式狀態機、三段式狀態機各自的特點

一段式狀態機: 僅適合非常簡單的狀態機設計，只涉及時序電路，消耗的邏輯比較少。

二段式狀態機：在組合邏輯特別復雜時適用，但要注意需在后面加一個觸發器以消除組合邏輯對輸出產生的毛刺。三段式沒有這個問題，由于第三個always會生成觸發器。

三段式狀態機：描述方法雖然代碼結構復雜了一些，但是換來的優勢是：使FSM做到了同步寄存器輸出，消除了組合邏輯輸出的不穩定與毛刺的隱患，而且更利于時序路徑分組，一般來說在FPGA/CPLD等可編程邏輯器件上的綜合與布局布線效果更佳。

主程序如下

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?管腳約束如下：

create_clock?-period?10?[get_ports?clk_100m]
set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{clk_100m}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?P17?[get_ports?{clk_100m}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{rst_n}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?P15?[get_ports?{rst_n}]

######################################################

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{sw[0]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?R1?[get_ports?{sw[0]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{sw[1]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?N4?[get_ports?{sw[1]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{sw[2]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?M4?[get_ports?{sw[2]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{sw[3]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?R2?[get_ports?{sw[3]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{sw[4]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?P2?[get_ports?{sw[4]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[0]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?K2?[get_ports?{led[0]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[1]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?J2?[get_ports?{led[1]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[2]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?J3?[get_ports?{led[2]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[3]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?H4?[get_ports?{led[3]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[4]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?J4?[get_ports?{led[4]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[5]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?G3?[get_ports?{led[5]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[6]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?G4?[get_ports?{led[6]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{led[7]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?F6?[get_ports?{led[7]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[0]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?D4?[get_ports?{seg[0]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[1]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?E3?[get_ports?{seg[1]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[2]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?D3?[get_ports?{seg[2]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[3]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?F4?[get_ports?{seg[3]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[4]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?F3?[get_ports?{seg[4]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[5]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?E2?[get_ports?{seg[5]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[6]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?D2?[get_ports?{seg[6]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{seg[7]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?H2?[get_ports?{seg[7]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{an[0]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?G6?[get_ports?{an[0]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{an[1]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?E1?[get_ports?{an[1]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{an[2]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?F1?[get_ports?{an[2]}]

set_property?IOSTANDARD?LVCMOS33?[get_ports?{an[3]}]
set_property?PACKAGE_PIN?G1?[get_ports?{an[3]}]
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總結

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