科技论文的时态问题
如何在科技論文中使用時(shí)態(tài)?
英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)共有16種,在英文科技論文中用得較為頻繁的主要有三種:即一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)。正確地使用動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是科研寫作的基本功,我們?cè)谧珜懹⑽恼撐臅r(shí),如不能正確選用時(shí)態(tài),常常會(huì)改變文章所要表達(dá)的意思,從而影響評(píng)審專家與讀者的理解。?
一篇典型的科技論文有一個(gè)基本的框架結(jié)構(gòu):Abstract (綜述科研背景,提出研究的問題和假設(shè)(hypothesis)),Materials and Methods (描述自己的研究方法),Results (分析所得的研究結(jié)果),Discussion (深入討論研究結(jié)果的意義并簡(jiǎn)要指出將來的研究方向)。我們現(xiàn)根據(jù)這個(gè)論文框架,就一些規(guī)律性問題做些探討,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
首先應(yīng)該把握以下三個(gè)基本要點(diǎn):?
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):主要用于不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在事實(shí)的描述,或發(fā)生或存在于寫論文之時(shí)的感覺、狀態(tài)、關(guān)系等的描述或致謝的表述等。值得注意的是,出于尊重,凡是他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表的研究成果作為"previously established knowledge",在引述時(shí)普遍都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。?
2、一般過去時(shí):用于寫論文中作者自己所做工作的描述。例如描述自己的材料、方法和結(jié)果。?
3、 一般將來時(shí):用于撰寫論文之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如提出下一步的研究方向。
摘要(Abstract):
摘要反映我們自己的研究結(jié)果,一般采用過去時(shí)。?
概述(Introduction):
(1)概述中的研究背景通常會(huì)引用相關(guān)學(xué)科中廣為接受的原理或事實(shí),以及你所做研究的重要性,這些通常采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例如:Genomics?provides?crucial information for rational drug design.?
(2)在概述中也可能引用與你從事項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的一些研究結(jié)果,為表達(dá)你對(duì)該研究結(jié)果仍堅(jiān)信其正確性及相關(guān)性,即使已經(jīng)是很久以前的研究結(jié)果,可使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。?
例如:Many of the lakes and wetlands in the region?are?located in craters or valleys blocked by early Pliocene lava flows (Ollier & Joyce, 1964).
Garcia (1993)?suggested?that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income?is?the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves?will?eventually affect the bond price.
例如:Nineteenth-century physicians?held?that women got migraines because they were "the weaker sex," but current research?shows?that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.?
(注意這里從過去時(shí)態(tài)過渡到現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài))?
材料與方法(Materials and Methods):
對(duì)寫論文之前自己所做工作的描述,通常采用一般過去時(shí)。?
例如:(例1) Total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN)?were measured?in the laboratory using standard procedures.
(例2)The standard protocol?was followed?for the preparation of the media from stock solutions.?
結(jié)果(Results):
例如:(例1)Overall, more than 70% of the insects collected?were?non-phytophagous.?
(例2) Following activation of NT oocytes with strontium, the cell cycle?resumed?in both groups.
例如:(例1)?Figure 1?displays?the comparative variation in the morphology of donor chromatin in both age groups of oocytes.?
(例2)?Table 1?below?shows?the stream flows calculated for each stream using Equation 1.
圖1和表1表達(dá)的論文寫作時(shí)的狀態(tài),所以要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
討論(Discussion):
例如:Removal of vegetation for agricultural purposes?appears?to negatively affect the water quality of streams.
例如:(例1)Weight?increased?as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results?suggestthat feeds?higher in nutritional value?contribute?to greater weight gain in livestock.??
(注意這里用過去時(shí)描述了實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),但在討論這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義時(shí)用的是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。)
(例2)Leaf carbon and phenolic content?did not differ?across sites, indicating that the response of?
secondary plant chemicals such as phenolics to water?is?complex.
(這句的描述幾乎沒有假設(shè)的意思,表示作者堅(jiān)信其研究結(jié)果和結(jié)論的正確性及相關(guān)性)
結(jié)論(Conclusion):
可用多種時(shí)態(tài),使用過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的研究成果,并可采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)表達(dá)未來的研究方向或研究前景。?
例如:Although the study?found?evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it?was not?possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream?cause?(or?caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies?are?therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.
轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/houxiyuan/archive/2013/01/28/2880049.html
總結(jié)
- 上一篇: Oracle函数写法和举例
- 下一篇: 用代码生成PDF文档的方法