RPG游戲開發筆錄

文章目錄

• RPG游戲開發筆錄
• • 1.將普通3D項目升級為RPG渲染管線
  • 2.導入素材（人物，場景，天空盒）
  • 3.第三人稱自由視角與移動
  • 4.切換鼠標指針
  • 5.遮擋剔除實現
  • 6.敵人的創建，站崗，追逐
  • 7.人物基本數值實現
  • 8.攻擊功能的實現（重難）
  • 9.泛型單例模式以及怪物獲勝通知
  • 10.模板生成更多Enemy
  • 11.拓展方法實現怪物的攻擊范圍限制
  • 12.血條UI的設計
  • 13.玩家升級系統
  • 14.玩家的血條UI
  • 15.傳送門（切換關卡）
  • 16.保存數據
  • 17.主菜單的制作
  • 18.場景轉場

1.將普通3D項目升級為RPG渲染管線

• 1.Package Manager 搜索 Universal RP進行安裝
• 2.創建通用渲染管線 Rendering--->URP Assets(with Universal Renderer)
• 3.進入Project Settings--->Graphics，選中剛創建的渲染管線
  
• 4.進入Quality中同樣上述操作
• 5.進入渲染管線，修改Shadows-->Max Distance，以減小渲染時帶給顯卡的壓力
• 6.修改默認渲染方式為GPU，并可修改GPU類型和烘焙渲染：
  

2.導入素材（人物，場景，天空盒）

更新渲染：
Windows--->Rendering-->Render Pipeline Converter--->Built-in to URP--->全部勾選--->Initialize Converters--->Convert Assets

3.第三人稱自由視角與移動

• 1.Input Manager–>復制粘貼 Horizontal和Vertical 并修改其為第四，第五坐標軸，命名為 Camera Rate X & Camera Rate Y
• 2.給攝像機設置父節點 Photographer，使其能繞著父物體移動

相機腳本：

public class Photographer : MonoBehaviour {//相機抬升（繞X軸）public float Pitch { get; private set; }//相機水平角度（繞Y軸）public float Yaw { get; private set; }//鼠標靈敏度public float mouseSensitivity = 5;//攝像機旋轉速度public float cameraRotatingSpeed = 80;public float cameraYSpeed = 5;//相機跟隨目標private Transform followTarget;public void InitCamera(Transform target){followTarget = target;transform.position = target.position;}private void Update(){UpdateRotation();UpdatePosition();}private void UpdateRotation(){Yaw += Input.GetAxis("Mouse X") * mouseSensitivity;Yaw += Input.GetAxis("CameraRateX") * cameraRotatingSpeed * Time.deltaTime ;//Debug.Log(Yaw);Pitch += Input.GetAxis("Mouse Y") * mouseSensitivity;Pitch += Input.GetAxis("CameraRateY") * cameraRotatingSpeed * Time.deltaTime;//限制抬升角度Pitch = Mathf.Clamp(Pitch, -90, 90);//Debug.Log(Pitch);transform.rotation = Quaternion.Euler(Pitch, Yaw, 0);}private void UpdatePosition(){Vector3 position = followTarget.position;float newY = Mathf.Lerp(transform.position.y, position.y, Time.deltaTime * cameraYSpeed);transform.position = new Vector3(position.x,newY,position.z);} }

人物移動腳本（通用）：

[RequireComponent(typeof(Rigidbody))] public class CharacterMove : MonoBehaviour {//剛體組件[Header("組件")]private Rigidbody rb;public Vector3 CurrentInput { get; private set; }public float MaxWalkSpeed = 5;void Awake(){rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();}private void FixedUpdate(){rb.MovePosition(rb.position + CurrentInput * MaxWalkSpeed * Time.fixedDeltaTime);//rb.MoveRotation(Quaternion.LookRotation(CurrentInput * MaxWalkSpeed * Time.fixedDeltaTime));//rb.rotation = Quaternion.LookRotation(CurrentInput * MaxWalkSpeed * Time.fixedDeltaTime);//目標旋轉角度Quaternion quaternion = Quaternion.LookRotation(CurrentInput * MaxWalkSpeed * Time.fixedDeltaTime);//平滑過渡，deltaTime為每幀渲染的時間transform.localRotation = Quaternion.Lerp(transform.localRotation, quaternion, Time.deltaTime * 10f);}public void SetMovementInput(Vector3 input){CurrentInput = Vector3.ClampMagnitude(input, 1);}

玩家移動腳本：

[RequireComponent(typeof(Rigidbody))] public class PlayerLogic : MonoBehaviour {[Header("組件")]//剛體組件private Rigidbody rb;//動畫組件private Animator anim;//移動組件private CharacterMove characterMove;//攝像機組件public Photographer photographer;//攝像機的根位置public Transform followTarget;//附加項public float jumpForce = 10f;[Header("人物信息")]//人物移動方向private bool isForward, isBack, isLeft, isRight,isFall;void Awake(){rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();anim = GetComponent<Animator>();characterMove = GetComponent<CharacterMove>();photographer.InitCamera(followTarget);}void Update(){UpdateMovementInput();//Jump();AttackAnim();SwitchAnim();}//動畫變量同步private void SwitchAnim(){anim.SetBool("Forward", isForward);anim.SetBool("Back", isBack);anim.SetBool("Left", isLeft);anim.SetBool("Right", isRight);anim.SetBool("Fall", isFall);}#region 玩家移動//人物移動函數private void UpdateMovementInput(){/** TODO:添加人物死亡條件限制*/float ad = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");//Debug.Log("ad值為：" + ad);float ws = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");//Debug.Log("ws值為：" + ws);Quaternion rot = Quaternion.Euler(0, photographer.Yaw, 0);characterMove.SetMovementInput(rot * Vector3.forward * ws + rot * Vector3.right * ad);if (ad != 0 || ws != 0){/*//目標旋轉角度Quaternion quaternion = Quaternion.LookRotation(new Vector3(ad, 0, ws));//平滑過渡，deltaTime為每幀渲染的時間transform.localRotation = Quaternion.Lerp(transform.localRotation, quaternion, Time.deltaTime * 10f);*///動畫狀態切換if (ad > 0.1){isRight = true;}else if (ad < -0.1){isLeft = true;}else{isRight = false;isLeft = false;}if (ws > 0.1){isForward = true;}else if (ws < -0.1){isBack = true;}else{isForward = false;isBack = false;}}//添加速度//rb.velocity = new Vector3(ad * moveSpeed, 0, ws * moveSpeed);}#endregion #region 玩家跳躍//跳躍函數private void Jump(){if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space) && isFall){anim.SetTrigger("Jump");rb.velocity = new Vector3(rb.velocity.x, jumpForce,rb.velocity.z);isFall = false;} }private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other){if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Ground")){Debug.Log("觸發到地面了");isFall = true;}}#endregion#region 玩家攻擊private void AttackAnim(){this.transform.LookAt(this.transform);if (Input.GetMouseButtonDown(0)){anim.SetTrigger("Attack");}else if (Input.GetMouseButtonDown(1)){anim.SetTrigger("Ability");}}#endregion }

4.切換鼠標指針

切換鼠標指針：

using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using UnityEngine; using UnityEngine.Events;[RequireComponent(typeof(Rigidbody))] public class CharacterMove : MonoBehaviour { [Header("人物攻擊模塊")]//鼠標圖標public Texture2D target, attack;RaycastHit hitInfo;void Awake(){rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();}void Update(){SetCursorTexture(); }//設置鼠標指針void SetCursorTexture(){Ray ray = Camera.main.ScreenPointToRay(Input.mousePosition);if (Physics.Raycast(ray,out hitInfo)){switch (hitInfo.collider.gameObject.tag){case "Ground":Cursor.SetCursor(target, new Vector2(16, 16), CursorMode.Auto);break;case "Enemy":Cursor.SetCursor(attack, new Vector2(16, 16), CursorMode.Auto);break;}}}

5.遮擋剔除實現

• 1.create-->Shader Graph--> URP--->Unit Shader Graph，并起名為 Occlusion Shader。
• 2.基于它創建材質Occlusion放回meterials文件夾
• 編輯Occlusion Shader為如下參考：
  
  材質參數參考：
  
  URP參數參考：
  
  遮擋剔除實現完成！

6.敵人的創建，站崗，追逐

• 1.導入素材，設置基本狀態信息（Idle,Chase,Guard,Dead）
• 2.敵人的狀態切換，追逐玩家以及切換動畫：

using UnityEngine; using UnityEngine.AI;public enum EnemyStates { GUARD,PATROL,CHASE,DEAD }[RequireComponent(typeof(NavMeshAgent))] public class EnemyController : MonoBehaviour {[Header("組件")]private NavMeshAgent agent;private Animator anim;[Header("狀態變量")]private EnemyStates enemyStates;[Header("敵人基礎設置")]//敵人可視范圍public float sightRadius;//敵人的類型public bool isGuard;//敵人攻擊目標private GameObject AttackTarget;//記錄敵人初始站崗位置private Vector3 GuardPos;//敵人狀態bool isWalk,isDead;//脫戰觀望時間public float remainLookatTime = 3f;//脫戰停留計時器private float remainTimer;private void Awake(){agent = GetComponent<NavMeshAgent>();anim = GetComponent<Animator>();}void Start(){//給敵人初始位置賦值GuardPos = transform.position;}void Update(){SwitchStates();SwitchAnimation();}//切換動畫void SwitchAnimation(){anim.SetBool("Chase", isChase);anim.SetBool("Walk", isWalk);anim.SetBool("Dead", isDead);}void SwitchStates(){//如果發現玩家，切換到Chaseif (FoundPlayer()){enemyStates = EnemyStates.CHASE;Debug.Log("發現玩家");}switch (enemyStates){case EnemyStates.GUARD:Guard();break;case EnemyStates.PATROL:break;case EnemyStates.CHASE:ChasePlayer();break;case EnemyStates.DEAD:break;}}//是否發現玩家bool FoundPlayer(){//拿到檢測到對應范圍內的所以碰撞體var hitColliders = Physics.OverlapSphere(this.transform.position, sightRadius);//檢測其中是否存在Playerforeach(var target in hitColliders){if (target.gameObject.CompareTag("Player")){AttackTarget = target.gameObject;return true;}}//脫離目標AttackTarget = null;return false;}//追逐玩家函數void ChasePlayer(){//脫戰邏輯if (!FoundPlayer()){if (remainTimer > 0){//觀望戰立狀態agent.destination = transform.position;remainTimer -= Time.deltaTime;isWalk = false;}else{//回到上一個狀態(巡邏或者站立)enemyStates = isGuard ? EnemyStates.GUARD : EnemyStates.PATROL;}}else{agent.isStopped = false;isWalk = true;//刷新觀望時間計時器remainTimer = remainLookatTime;//當距離小于攻擊距離時，開始攻擊if (Vector3.Distance(transform.position, AttackTarget.transform.position) < characterStats.AttackData.attackRange){isWalk = false;agent.isStopped = true;anim.SetTrigger("Attack");}else{//追擊Playeragent.destination = AttackTarget.transform.position;}}}//怪物返回出生點以及站崗邏輯void Guard(){//判斷怪物是否返回出生點if (Vector3.Distance(transform.position,GuardPos) <= 3){isWalk = false;}else{isWalk = true;agent.destination = GuardPos;}} }

7.人物基本數值實現

• 1.給文件夾分好類，分別創建 MonoBehavior和ScriptableObject文件夾。
• 2.創建第一個ScriptableObject腳本文件，命名為 CharacterData_SO。
• 3.編寫人物應有的通用屬性，并在專門的數據文件夾下創建出數據文件。

數據模板寫法：

[CreateAssetMenu(fileName ="New Data",menuName = "Character Stats/Data")] public class CharacterData_SO : ScriptableObject {[Header("Stats Info")]//最大生命值public int maxHealth;//當前生命值public int currentHealth;//基礎防御力public int baseDefence;//當前防御力public int currentDefence; }

數據操作寫法：

public class CharacterStats : MonoBehaviour {public CharacterData_SO characterData;#region Read from Data_SOpublic int MaxHealth {get{return characterData != null ? characterData.maxHealth : 0;}set{characterData.maxHealth = value;}}public int CurrentHealth{get{return characterData != null ? characterData.currentHealth : 0;}set{characterData.currentHealth = value;}}public int BaseDefence{get{return characterData != null ? characterData.baseDefence : 0;}set{characterData.baseDefence = value;}}public int CurrentDefence{get{return characterData != null ? characterData.currentDefence : 0;}set{characterData.currentDefence = value;}}#endregion }

• 4.將數據操作腳本 CharacterStats掛載到Player和Enemy上，并拖入對應數據文件。
• 5.在玩家控制腳本中獲取到數據文件，并獲取到操作該數據的方法。
• 6.同樣方式實現攻擊數值的基本書寫：

[CreateAssetMenu(fileName = "New Attack",menuName = "Attack/Data")] public class AttackData_SO : ScriptableObject {//攻擊距離public float attackRange;//技能距離public float skillRange;//冷卻時間public float coolDown;//基礎傷害范圍public int minDamage;public int maxDamage;//暴擊倍率（傷害）public float criticalMultiplier;//暴擊率public float criticalChance; }

8.攻擊功能的實現（重難）

• 1.創建攻擊數據腳本：包括玩家和怪物
  給出參考：Player Attack Data_SO

using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using UnityEngine;[CreateAssetMenu(fileName = "New Attack",menuName = "Attack/Data")] public class AttackData_SO : ScriptableObject {//攻擊距離public float attackRange;//技能距離public float skillRange;//冷卻時間public float coolDown;//基礎傷害范圍public int minDamage;public int maxDamage;//暴擊倍率（傷害）public float criticalMultiplier;//暴擊率public float criticalChance; }

玩家攻擊腳本面板參考：

• 2.在角色數據操作腳本中引入攻擊腳本：并寫出傷害計算邏輯

public class CharacterStats : MonoBehaviour {public CharacterData_SO characterData;public AttackData_SO AttackData;#region 攻擊模塊public void TakeDamage(CharacterStats attacker,CharacterStats defencer){//計算一次攻擊的傷害float coreDamage = UnityEngine.Random.Range(attacker.AttackData.minDamage, attacker.AttackData.maxDamage);//控制最低傷害為1int damage = Mathf.Max((int)coreDamage - defencer.CurrentDefence,1);//控制血量最低為0CurrentHealth = Mathf.Max(CurrentHealth - damage, 0);//更新 UI}#endregion }

由于這里攻擊函數是玩家和怪物通用的，所以后續只需要傳入攻擊者和受擊者即可正常完成傷害計算并扣血。其次，怪物的進攻邏輯是AI操控，只需要在追蹤玩家時，吧玩家對象傳入怪物的攻擊目標變量即可。但玩家的攻擊目標選擇卻成了問題，這里采用類似怪物發現玩家的方式，采用一個圓形探測范圍（該范圍閾值即為玩家的攻擊范圍），當玩家進行攻擊操作時，只需要檢測怪物是否在范圍檢測距離內，如果在距離內，則正常調用TakeDamage()，如果不在，則視為空刀。缺點是實際攻擊范圍（以玩家為圓心，以攻擊距離為半徑的圓形內）與動畫攻擊范圍（人物的前方扇形區域）不符合。后續有待改進…此外，暴擊功能較為繁瑣，目前未實現。以下為判斷暴擊的常用方法之一，僅供參考：

//設置全局變量，判斷是否暴擊 characterStats.isCritical = UnityEngine.Random.value < characterStats.attackData.criticalChance;

• 3.怪物的攻擊邏輯：(將其掛載到怪物攻擊動畫的某一幀上)

//引入數值組件private CharacterStats characterStats;//給組件賦值private void Awake(){characterStats = GetComponent<CharacterStats>();}//每次游戲開始給怪物重置生命值void Start(){//刷新初始生命值characterStats.CurrentHealth = characterStats.MaxHealth;}//怪物攻擊的出傷害事件void Hit(){if (AttackTarget != null){//拿到受害者的屬性信息var targetStats = AttackTarget.GetComponent<CharacterStats>();//造成傷害targetStats.TakeDamage(characterStats, targetStats);}}

• 4.玩家的攻擊邏輯

//引入數值組件 //Awake初始化數值組件 //初始化生命值#region 玩家攻擊public void AttackAnim(){if (Input.GetMouseButtonDown(0)){anim.SetTrigger("Attack");}else if (Input.GetMouseButtonDown(1)){anim.SetTrigger("Ability");}}//范圍檢測private bool AttackRangeTest(){Debug.Log(characterStats.AttackData.attackRange);//拿到檢測到對應范圍內的所有碰撞體Collider[] hitColliders = Physics.OverlapSphere(transform.position, characterStats.AttackData.attackRange);foreach (Collider collider in hitColliders){if (collider.gameObject.CompareTag("Enemy")){AttackTarget = collider.gameObject;return true;}}return false;}//玩家的出傷害邏輯void Hit(){if (AttackRangeTest()){CharacterStats targetStats = AttackTarget.GetComponent<CharacterStats>();targetStats.TakeDamage(characterStats, targetStats);}else{Debug.Log("空刀！");}} #endregion

• 5.死亡的判斷
  思路：死亡判斷直接在Update()函數中逐幀判斷當前生命值是否為0即可：
  玩家死亡：

//引入變量bool isDead;void Update(){if (characterStats.CurrentHealth != 0){UpdateMovementInput();Jump();AttackAnim();}else{isDead = true;rb.constraints = RigidbodyConstraints.FreezePosition;rb.constraints = RigidbodyConstraints.FreezeRotation;}SwitchAnim();}

怪物死亡：

void Update(){if (characterStats.CurrentHealth != 0){SwitchStates();}else{isDead = true;enemyStates = EnemyStates.DEAD;}SwitchAnimation();}

9.泛型單例模式以及怪物獲勝通知

• 1.寫一個管理單例模式的基類( Tools/Singleton )：

//管理類的基類 //泛型單例模式public class Singleton<T> : MonoBehaviour where T:Singleton<T> {private static T instance;//外部可訪問的函數public static T Instance{get { return instance; }}//可繼承可重寫的Awake方法protected virtual void Awake(){if (instance != null){Destroy(gameObject);}else{instance = (T)this;}}public static bool IsInitialized{get { return instance != null; }}protected virtual void OnDestroy() { if (instance == this){instance = null;} } }

• 2.寫一個發放廣播的接口 IEndGameObserver

public interface IEndGameObserver {void EndNotify(); }

• 3.寫一個游戲管理類繼承管理基類 ( Manages/GameManager )

public class GameManager : Singleton<GameManager> {public CharacterStats playerStats;//收集所有需要接收廣播的對象List<IEndGameObserver> endGameObservers = new List<IEndGameObserver>();//在游戲開始時將玩家信息注冊到管理類public void RigisterPlayer(CharacterStats player){playerStats = player;}//在游戲開始時，將怪物信息（被通知者）錄入通知對象public void AddObserver(IEndGameObserver observer){endGameObservers.Add(observer);}//怪物被消滅時，清理通知對象public void RemoveObserver(IEndGameObserver observer){endGameObservers.Remove(observer);}//通知邏輯public void NotifyObservers(){foreach(var observer in endGameObservers){observer.EndNotify();}} }

• 4.在玩家邏輯中添加注冊信息到管理類
  PlayerLogic:

void Start(){//利用單例模式調用注冊玩家信息GameManager.Instance.RigisterPlayer(characterStats);}

• 5.在怪物邏輯中添加 注冊和銷毀通知，以及通知內容的具體實現
  EnemyController:

//首先讓其實現IEndGameObserver接口 public class EnemyController : MonoBehaviour,IEndGameObserver {private void OnEnable(){GameManager.Instance.AddObserver(this);}private void OnDisable(){if (!GameManager.IsInitialized) return;GameManager.Instance.RemoveObserver(this);} }public void EndNotify(){//獲勝動畫//停止所有移動//停止AgentisWalk = false;AttackTarget = null;isVictory = true;}

報錯總結：此處在GameManager的實例化階段一直報 空引用異常，后來發現自己沒有創建 Game Manager 的結點，并掛載GameManager的腳本。此外，還需注意 Onable函數是場景初始化時被創建，此處不涉及場景切換，故，需將其暫時寫在Start方法中，后續再更改。

10.模板生成更多Enemy

• 1.由于之前寫法會使多個復制出來的怪物屬性共享，這顯然不是我們需要的功能，故我們需要創建一個屬性模板，讓其新生成的怪物以該模板生成對應的數值。
  Character Stats中：

public class CharacterStats : MonoBehaviour {public CharacterData_SO templateData;public CharacterData_SO characterData;void Awake(){if (templateData != null){characterData = Instantiate(templateData);} } }

• 2.引入新怪物的美術模型資源，添加必要組件EnemyController，NavMesh Agent以及基本碰撞體，別忘了將其標簽改為Enemy，并創建對應的數據文件。
• 3.在重置新類型敵人的動畫信息時，可直接創建一個 Override Animators，可十分便利的重置怪物動畫。

11.拓展方法實現怪物的攻擊范圍限制

由于之前只要怪物發動攻擊動畫，玩家必掉血。這是極度不合理的，我們希望玩家有一定的閃避空間或容錯，故我們采用 拓展方法 Extension Method 來對其攻擊范圍做一個限制。

• 1.寫一個 Extension Method腳本：

public static class ExtensionMethod {//確保怪物攻擊在正前方[-60°,60°]之間范圍攻擊有效private const float dotThreshold = 0.5f;public static bool IsFacingTarget(this Transform transform, Transform target){//計算出目標物對于攻擊者正前方的相對位置并取單位向量var vectorToTarget = target.position - transform.position;vectorToTarget.Normalize();float dot = Vector3.Dot(transform.forward, vectorToTarget);return dot >= dotThreshold;} }

• 2.并在怪物的攻擊動畫事件中加上限制條件：
  EnemyController:

//怪物攻擊的出傷害事件void Hit(){if (AttackTarget != null && transform.IsFacingTarget(AttackTarget.transform)){//拿到受害者的屬性信息var targetStats = AttackTarget.GetComponent<CharacterStats>();//造成傷害targetStats.TakeDamage(characterStats, targetStats);}}

• 3.給Boss的基礎攻擊增加擊退效果

但暫時有點問題，無法正常擊退玩家。后續再改BUG。

public class Boss_Rock : EnemyController {//擊飛玩家的力public float kickForce = 25f;public void KickOff(){if (AttackTarget != null && transform.IsFacingTarget(AttackTarget.transform)){Debug.Log("被踢開了");//拿到受害者的屬性信息var targetStats = AttackTarget.GetComponent<CharacterStats>();//計算擊飛方向(問題)//FIXME:有待修改Vector3 direction = (AttackTarget.transform.position - transform.position).normalized;AttackTarget.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().velocity = direction * kickForce;//造成傷害targetStats.TakeDamage(characterStats, targetStats);}} }

• 4.設置石頭人可投擲物

– 1.拖入石頭的素材，添加必要組件：RigidBody，Mesh Collider（勾選第一項），腳本Rock.cs

public class Rock : MonoBehaviour {private Rigidbody rb;[Header("Basic Settings")]public float force;public GameObject target;private Vector3 direction;void Start(){rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();FlyToTarget(); }public void FlyToTarget(){//預防石頭生成瞬間玩家脫離范圍if (target == null){target = FindObjectOfType<PlayerController>().gameObject;}direction = (target.transform.position - transform.position + Vector3.up).normalized;rb.AddForce(direction * force, ForceMode.Impulse);} }

– 2.修改石頭人生成石頭代碼：

public class Boss_Rock : EnemyController {//扔出的石頭的預制體public GameObject rockPrefab;//出手點的坐標public Transform handPos;//投擲石頭的邏輯public void ThrowRock(){if (AttackTarget != null){var rock = Instantiate(rockPrefab,handPos.position,Quaternion.identify);rock.GetComponent<Rock>().target = AttackTarget;}} }

– 3.將ThrowRock方法添加到動畫對應幀數上。

– 4.設置石頭的狀態：在被投擲出的時候能對敵人以及玩家造成傷害，但落地以后無法對玩家或敵人造成傷害。

public class Rock : MonoBehaviour {public enum RockStates { HitPlayer,HitEnemy,HitNothing };//石頭的傷害值public int damage = 8;//石頭的狀態public RockStates rockStates;void Start(){rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();//為了防止石頭剛一出來就被判斷為hitNothingrb.velocity = Vector3.one;//初始化石頭的狀態rockStates = RockStates.HitPlayer;//石頭被生成的時候就自動飛向目標FlyToTarget();//石頭扔出三秒后延遲銷毀Destroy(this.gameObject, 3);}//逐幀判斷，當石頭幾乎靜止時變得不再有威脅void FixedUpdate(){Debug.Log(rb.velocity.sqrMagnitude);if (rb.velocity.sqrMagnitude < 1){rockStates = RockStates.HitNothing;} }void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision){switch (rockStates){case RockStates.HitPlayer:if (collision.gameObject.CompareTag("Player")){CharacterStats characterStats = collision.gameObject.GetComponent<CharacterStats>();//碰到玩家了，造成傷害，并對玩家播放受擊動畫（TakeDamage的函數重載）characterStats.TakeDamage(damage,characterStats);collision.gameObject.GetComponent<Animator>().SetTrigger("Hit");rockStates = RockStates.HitNothing;}break;case RockStates.HitEnemy:if (collision.gameObject.CompareTag("Enemy")){var EnemyStats = collision.gameObject.GetComponent<CharacterStats>();EnemyStats.TakeDamage(damage, EnemyStats);//攻擊到敵人以后，也將其設為無危脅狀態}break;} } }

– 5.函數重載TakeDamage()方法，讓石頭也能造成傷害：

public void TakeDamage(int damage,CharacterStats defencer){int finalDamage = Mathf.Max(damage - defencer.CurrentDefence, 1);CurrentHealth = Mathf.Max(CurrentHealth - finalDamage, 0);}

– 6.修改玩家的攻擊邏輯，使其攻擊石頭也具有一定邏輯：

//范圍檢測private bool AttackRangeTest(){//Debug.Log(characterStats.AttackData.attackRange);//拿到檢測到對應范圍內的所有碰撞體Collider[] hitColliders = Physics.OverlapSphere(transform.position, characterStats.AttackData.attackRange);foreach (Collider collider in hitColliders){//有限判斷敵人，如果不存在敵人，則判斷是否有可攻擊物if (collider.gameObject.CompareTag("Enemy") || collider.gameObject.CompareTag("Attackable")){AttackTarget = collider.gameObject;return true;}}return false;}//玩家的出傷害邏輯void Hit(){if (AttackRangeTest()){if (AttackTarget.CompareTag("Attackable")){//進一步判斷是石頭if (AttackTarget.GetComponent<Rock>()){AttackTarget.GetComponent<Rock>().rockStates = Rock.RockStates.HitEnemy;AttackTarget.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().velocity = Vector3.one;AttackTarget.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().AddForce(transform.forward * 20, ForceMode.Impulse);}}else if (AttackTarget.CompareTag("Enemy")){CharacterStats targetStats = AttackTarget.GetComponent<CharacterStats>();targetStats.TakeDamage(characterStats, targetStats);}}}

12.血條UI的設計

• 1.創建一個Canvas命名為 HealthBarCanvas,修改Canvas的 UI Scale Mode改為 World Space，并設置相機Camera。創建一個子物體UI image，命名 Bar Holder。

• 2.對UI界面的位置信息進行調整，修改長3和高0.25（參考值）。

• 3.在Package Manager中引入 3D sprite，創建一個2D Object–>Square，找到其基礎的文件，復制一份圖片另存起來。將其拖入到Bar Holder的Source Image中，并可修改其顏色（血條底色）。

• 4.繼續創建Bar Health的子節點Image，尺寸參數與父節點保持一致，拖入Source Image，修改顏色（血條上層色），并將其改為滑動條的形式進行顯示。

• 5.寫UI腳本操控血條的變化。

public class HealthBarUI : MonoBehaviour {//血條預制體public GameObject healthBarPrefab;//血條位置public Transform barPoint;//是否讓血條持續顯示public bool alwaysVisible;//血條被喚醒后顯示的時間public float visibleTime;//血量滑動條Image healthSlider;Transform UIBar;//攝像機的位置（保證始終正對攝像機）Transform camera;//拿到當前目標的血量信息private CharacterStats currentStats;void Start(){currentStats = GetComponent<CharacterStats>();}void OnEnable(){camera = Camera.main.transform;foreach (Canvas canvas in FindObjectsOfType<Canvas>()){if (canvas.renderMode == RenderMode.WorldSpace){UIBar = Instantiate(healthBarPrefab, canvas.transform).transform;healthSlider = UIBar.GetChild(0).GetComponent<Image>();UIBar.gameObject.SetActive(alwaysVisible);}}}//血條跟隨敵人void LateUpdate(){if (UIBar != null){UIBar.position = barPoint.position;UIBar.forward = -camera.forward;}}void Update(){UpdateHealthBar(currentStats.CurrentHealth, currentStats.MaxHealth);}private void UpdateHealthBar(int currentHealth, int maxHealth) {if (currentHealth <= 0){if (UIBar != null){Destroy(UIBar.gameObject);}}else{UIBar.gameObject.SetActive(true);float sliderPercent = (float)currentHealth / maxHealth;//Debug.Log("當前血量僅剩：" + sliderPercent);healthSlider.fillAmount = sliderPercent;}}}

總結：該套程序采用逐幀檢測血條變化，相對來說效率較差，優化可以讓角色攻擊時計算一次血條變化。后續會優化！！！

13.玩家升級系統

• 1.先添加一下玩家的屬性
  Character_SO：

using System; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using UnityEngine;[CreateAssetMenu(fileName ="New Data",menuName = "Character Stats/Data")] public class CharacterData_SO : ScriptableObject {[Header("Stats Info")]//基礎生命值public float baseHealth;//最大生命值public float maxHealth;//當前生命值public float currentHealth;//基礎防御力public int baseDefence;//當前防御力public int currentDefence;[Header("擊殺敵人獲得的經驗值")]public int killExp;[Header("玩家升級系統")]//當前等級public int currentLevel;//最大等級public int maxLevel;//升級所需基礎經驗值public int baseExp;//當前經驗值public int currentExp;//升級經驗提高值public int ExpIncrement;//升級屬性加權public float levelBuff;//更新經驗值函數public void UpdateExp(int Exp){currentExp += Exp;if (currentExp >= baseExp){LevelUp();}}private void LevelUp(){//提高等級(將當前等級限制在[0,maxLevel之間])currentLevel = Mathf.Clamp(currentLevel + 1, 0, maxLevel);//升級所需的經驗值也隨之提高baseExp += ExpIncrement;//血量提高5％maxHealth = baseHealth * (levelBuff * currentLevel + 1);currentHealth = maxHealth;Debug.Log("LevelUP，當前血量為" + currentHealth);} }

• 暫時為了學習升級邏輯的構思以及數值的模范書寫，后續功能有待優化！

• 2.在造成傷害界面 添加擊殺增加經驗的判斷：
  CharacterStats:

public void TakeDamage(CharacterStats attacker,CharacterStats defencer){//計算一次攻擊的傷害float coreDamage = UnityEngine.Random.Range(attacker.AttackData.minDamage, attacker.AttackData.maxDamage);//控制最低傷害為1int damage = Mathf.Max((int)coreDamage - defencer.CurrentDefence,1);//控制血量最低為0CurrentHealth = Mathf.Max(CurrentHealth - damage, 0);//更新 UI//經驗值updateif (CurrentHealth == 0){attacker.characterData.UpdateExp(defencer.characterData.killExp);}}

14.玩家的血條UI

• 1.同樣優先創建一個Canvas，設置參考如下：

做出如下效果的UI界面：

并在其父節點下嵌入以下腳本以控制血條的變化：
PlayerHealthUI:

using UnityEngine.UI;public class PlayerHealthUI : MonoBehaviour {Text levelText;Image healthSlider;Image expSlider;void Awake(){//拿到文本子節點levelText = transform.GetChild(2).GetComponent<Text>();healthSlider = transform.GetChild(0).GetChild(0).GetComponent<Image>();expSlider = transform.GetChild(1).GetChild(0).GetComponent<Image>();}void Update(){levelText.text = "level " + GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData.currentLevel.ToString("00");UpdateHealth();UpdateExp();}void UpdateHealth(){float sliderPercent = (float)GameManager.Instance.playerStats.CurrentHealth / GameManager.Instance.playerStats.MaxHealth;healthSlider.fillAmount = sliderPercent;}void UpdateExp(){float sliderPercent = (float)GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData.currentExp / GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData.baseExp;expSlider.fillAmount = sliderPercent;} }

15.傳送門（切換關卡）

場景內傳送：

• 1.在之前Shader Graph目錄下繼續創建Shader，參數參考如下：
  
• 2.利用創建的Shader的基礎上創建一個Meterial，并調參數。
• 3.在層級窗口中創建一個Quad，并添加以上材質，在其下創建一個子節點 DestinationPoint 作為被傳送點。
• 4.創建 TransitionPoint.cs腳本控制傳送點：（掛載在傳送門父類上）

public class TransitionPoint : MonoBehaviour {//傳送類型(同場景，不同場景)public enum TransitionType{SameScene,DifferentScene}[Header("info")]//場景名字（如果同場景則可以不填）public string sceneName;//傳送類型public TransitionType type;//傳送到的目的地點public TransitionDestination.DestinationTags destinationTag;//只有該屬性觸發了才會傳送private bool canTrans;void Update(){if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.F) && canTrans){//場景傳送SceneController.Instance.TransitionToDestination(this);} }void OnTriggerStay(Collider other){if (other.CompareTag("Player")){canTrans = true;}}void OnTriggerExit(Collider other){if (other.CompareTag("Player")){canTrans = false ;}} }

• 5.創建傳送目標點腳本 TransitionDestination.cs:

public class TransitionDestination : MonoBehaviour {public enum DestinationTags{ENTRE,A,B,C}public DestinationTags destinationTag; }

• 6.寫場景控制腳本實現同場景傳送邏輯：SceneController.cs：

using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using UnityEngine; using UnityEngine.SceneManagement;public class SceneController : Singleton<SceneController> {Transform player;//玩家的預制體(加載新場景時引入)public GameObject playerPrefab;protected override void Awake(){base.Awake();DontDestroyOnLoad(this);}public void TransitionToDestination(TransitionPoint transitionPoint){switch (transitionPoint.type) {case TransitionPoint.TransitionType.SameScene:StartCoroutine(Transition(SceneManager.GetActiveScene().name, transitionPoint.destinationTag));break;case TransitionPoint.TransitionType.DifferentScene:StartCoroutine(Transition(transitionPoint.sceneName, transitionPoint.destinationTag));break;}}//使用攜程異步加載場景IEnumerator Transition(string sceneName , TransitionDestination.DestinationTags destinationTag){//TODO：保存數據//判斷是相同場景還是不同場景if (SceneManager.GetActiveScene().name != sceneName){//等待return值完成后再執行其他代碼（異步加載）yield return SceneManager.LoadSceneAsync(sceneName);yield return Instantiate(playerPrefab, GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.position,GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.rotation);//中斷攜程yield break;}else{player = GameManager.Instance.playerStats.transform;player.SetPositionAndRotation(GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.position, GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.rotation);yield return null;} }//在全部傳送門中查找傳送標簽一樣的傳送門private TransitionDestination GetDestination(TransitionDestination.DestinationTags destinationTag){var entrances = Resources.FindObjectsOfTypeAll<TransitionDestination>();for (int i = 0; i < entrances.Length; i++){if (entrances[i].destinationTag == destinationTag){return entrances[i];}}return null;} }

以上代碼遇到的問題：

• 1.切換到新場景后，管理類代碼全部消失，導致游戲無法正常運行，解決方法：在Manage相關代碼前都加上重寫的Awake()方法即可：

protected override void Awake() {base.Awake();//意為該Manage腳本不會被銷毀DontDestroyOnLoad(this); }

• 2.注意在切換至新場景之前，一定要在新場景安置 自己寫的 PhotoGrapher 結點，并且在PlayerLogic初始化的時候找到攝像機別賦值完整：

void Awake(){photographer = FindObjectOfType<Photographer>();rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();anim = GetComponent<Animator>();characterMove = GetComponent<CharacterMove>();photographer.InitCamera(followTarget);characterStats = GetComponent<CharacterStats>();audio = photographer.GetComponent<AudioSource>();}

• 3.這樣改完以后從第二場景重新返回第一場景時，會出現兩個人物，并且人物在半空中。 （埋個伏筆）

16.保存數據

• 1.使用JSON保存游戲數據，在切換場景時調用保存函數與讀取函數：
• 2.新建一個結點 SaveManager并創建腳本 SaveManager.cs掛載到結點上：

public class SaveManager : Singleton<SaveManager> {protected override void Awake(){base.Awake();DontDestroyOnLoad(this);}//封裝保存和讀取玩家信息的函數public void SavePlayerData(){Save(GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData, GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData.name);}public void LoadPlayerData(){Load(GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData, GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData.name);}//存儲數據public void Save(Object data,string key){//將要存儲的數值轉化為JSONvar jsonData = JsonUtility.ToJson(data,true);//將數據以鍵值對的形式保存PlayerPrefs.SetString(key, jsonData);PlayerPrefs.Save();}//加載數據public void Load(Object data, string key){if (PlayerPrefs.HasKey(key)){JsonUtility.FromJsonOverwrite(PlayerPrefs.GetString(key), data);}} }

• 3.在切換場景時調用這個兩個函數即可完成對玩家數據的保存：
  SceneController.cs：

//使用攜程異步加載場景IEnumerator Transition(string sceneName , TransitionDestination.DestinationTags destinationTag){//TODO：保存數據SaveManager.Instance.SavePlayerData();//判斷是相同場景還是不同場景if (SceneManager.GetActiveScene().name != sceneName){//等待return值完成后再執行其他代碼（異步加載）yield return SceneManager.LoadSceneAsync(sceneName);yield return Instantiate(playerPrefab, GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.position,GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.rotation);//讀取數據SaveManager.Instance.LoadPlayerData();//中斷攜程yield break;}else{player = GameManager.Instance.playerStats.transform;player.SetPositionAndRotation(GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.position, GetDestination(destinationTag).transform.rotation);yield return null;} }

• 4.切記勿忘在新場景創建角色UI。

17.主菜單的制作

• 1.制作UI，按鈕，標題，背景等等
• 2.分別實現退出游戲，新的游戲和繼續游戲的腳本功能：
  – 1.退出游戲

public class MainManu : MonoBehaviour {Button quitBtn;void Awake(){quitBtn = transform.GetChild(3).GetComponent<Button>();quitBtn.onClick.AddListener(QuitGame);}void QuitGame(){Application.Quit();Debug.Log("退出游戲");} }

– 2.新的游戲：
1).清除之前的數據
2).在游戲控制中添加尋找全圖起點的方法：
GameManager.cs:

//尋找入口的函數public Transform GetEntrance(){foreach (var item in FindObjectsOfType<TransitionDestination>()){if (item.destinationTag == TransitionDestination.DestinationTags.ENTRE){return item.transform;}}return null;}

2).切換到第一場景的某點（在場景控制中使用攜程切換場景）

public void TransitionToFirstLevel(){StartCoroutine(LoadLevel("City"));}IEnumerator LoadLevel(string scene){if (scene != ""){yield return SceneManager.LoadSceneAsync(scene);yield return player = Instantiate(playerPrefab, GameManager.Instance.GetEntrance().position, GameManager.Instance.GetEntrance().rotation).transform;//保存數據SaveManager.Instance.SavePlayerData();yield break;}}

– 3.繼續游戲的實現：
1).在保存函數里加入保存當前地圖邏輯

public class SaveManager : Singleton<SaveManager> {//當前所在的場景private string sceneName = "";public string SneceName { get { return PlayerPrefs.GetString(sceneName); } }protected override void Awake(){base.Awake();DontDestroyOnLoad(this);}//封裝保存和讀取玩家信息的函數public void SavePlayerData(){Save(GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData, GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData.name);}public void LoadPlayerData(){Load(GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData, GameManager.Instance.playerStats.characterData.name);}//存儲數據public void Save(Object data,string key){//將要存儲的數值轉化為JSONvar jsonData = JsonUtility.ToJson(data,true);//將數據以鍵值對的形式保存PlayerPrefs.SetString(key, jsonData);PlayerPrefs.SetString(sceneName, SceneManager.GetActiveScene().name);PlayerPrefs.Save();}//加載數據public void Load(Object data, string key){if (PlayerPrefs.HasKey(key)){JsonUtility.FromJsonOverwrite(PlayerPrefs.GetString(key), data);}} }

2).在場景控制里，調用協程：
SceneController.cs

public void TransitionToLoadGame(){StartCoroutine(LoadLevel(SaveManager.Instance.SceneName));}

3).在玩家生成的生成的時候，就讀取一遍玩家數據
PlayerController.cs

void OnEnable(){//利用單例模式調用注冊玩家信息GameManager.Instance.RigisterPlayer(characterStats);}void Start(){SaveManager.Instance.LoadPlayerData();//初始化攻擊冷卻計時器(初始狀態可攻擊)AttackCD = -1;}

4).給予玩家回到Main的方式：
SceneController.cs：

public void TransitionToMain(){StartCoroutine(LoadMain());}IEnumerator LoadMain(){yield return SceneManager.LoadSceneAsync("Main");yield break;}

5).添加補全繼續游戲的調用函數
MainMenu.cs:

void ContinueGame(){//讀取進度SceneController.Instance.TransitionToMain();}

18.場景轉場

• 1.引入TimeLine窗口：Windows-->Sequencing-->Timeline

總結

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