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用python画篮球场_Python可视化分析——科比整个职业生涯的投篮点分布

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import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# 導入數據

file_path = "C:/Users/pc/Desktop/kobe_data.csv"

df = pd.read_csv(file_path)

print(df.shape)

df.head(10)

(30697, 25)

action_type

combined_shot_type

game_event_id

game_id

lat

loc_x

loc_y

lon

minutes_remaining

period

...

shot_type

shot_zone_area

shot_zone_basic

shot_zone_range

team_id

team_name

game_date

matchup

opponent

shot_id

Jump Shot

20000012

33.9723

167

-118.1028

...

2PT Field Goal

Right Side(R)

Mid-Range

16-24 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Jump Shot

20000012

34.0443

-157

-118.4268

...

2PT Field Goal

Left Side(L)

Mid-Range

8-16 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Jump Shot

20000012

33.9093

-101

135

-118.3708

...

2PT Field Goal

Left Side Center(LC)

Mid-Range

16-24 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Jump Shot

20000012

33.8693

138

175

-118.1318

...

2PT Field Goal

Right Side Center(RC)

Mid-Range

16-24 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Driving Dunk Shot

Dunk

155

20000012

34.0443

-118.2698

...

2PT Field Goal

Center(C)

Restricted Area

Less Than 8 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Jump Shot

244

20000012

34.0553

-145

-11

-118.4148

...

2PT Field Goal

Left Side(L)

Mid-Range

8-16 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Layup Shot

Layup

251

20000012

34.0443

-118.2698

...

2PT Field Goal

Center(C)

Restricted Area

Less Than 8 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Jump Shot

254

20000012

34.0163

-118.2688

...

2PT Field Goal

Center(C)

Restricted Area

Less Than 8 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Jump Shot

265

20000012

33.9363

-65

108

-118.3348

...

2PT Field Goal

Left Side(L)

In The Paint (Non-RA)

8-16 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

Running Jump Shot

Jump Shot

294

20000012

33.9193

-33

125

-118.3028

...

2PT Field Goal

Center(C)

In The Paint (Non-RA)

8-16 ft.

1610612747

Los Angeles Lakers

2000-10-31

LAL @ POR

POR

10 rows × 25 columns

print(df.columns)

# 關鍵數據 loc_x、loc_y(出手位置坐標)和 shot_made_flag(是否投中)這三列。

print(df["shot_made_flag"].unique())

Index(['action_type', 'combined_shot_type', 'game_event_id', 'game_id', 'lat',

'loc_x', 'loc_y', 'lon', 'minutes_remaining', 'period', 'playoffs',

'season', 'seconds_remaining', 'shot_distance', 'shot_made_flag',

'shot_type', 'shot_zone_area', 'shot_zone_basic', 'shot_zone_range',

'team_id', 'team_name', 'game_date', 'matchup', 'opponent', 'shot_id'],

dtype='object')

[nan 0. 1.]

# 去除空值行

kobe = df[pd.notnull(df["shot_made_flag"])]

print(kobe.shape)

(25697, 25)

# 動作類型

print(kobe.action_type.unique())

print(kobe.combined_shot_type.unique())

# 投籃類型 2分/3分

print(kobe.shot_type.unique())

# 投籃類型次數統計

print(kobe.shot_type.value_counts())

['Jump Shot' 'Driving Dunk Shot' 'Layup Shot' 'Running Jump Shot'

'Reverse Dunk Shot' 'Slam Dunk Shot' 'Driving Layup Shot'

'Turnaround Jump Shot' 'Reverse Layup Shot' 'Tip Shot'

'Running Hook Shot' 'Alley Oop Dunk Shot' 'Dunk Shot'

'Alley Oop Layup shot' 'Running Dunk Shot' 'Driving Finger Roll Shot'

'Running Layup Shot' 'Finger Roll Shot' 'Fadeaway Jump Shot'

'Follow Up Dunk Shot' 'Hook Shot' 'Turnaround Hook Shot' 'Jump Hook Shot'

'Running Finger Roll Shot' 'Jump Bank Shot' 'Turnaround Finger Roll Shot'

'Hook Bank Shot' 'Driving Hook Shot' 'Running Tip Shot'

'Running Reverse Layup Shot' 'Driving Finger Roll Layup Shot'

'Fadeaway Bank shot' 'Pullup Jump shot' 'Finger Roll Layup Shot'

'Turnaround Fadeaway shot' 'Driving Reverse Layup Shot'

'Driving Slam Dunk Shot' 'Step Back Jump shot' 'Turnaround Bank shot'

'Reverse Slam Dunk Shot' 'Floating Jump shot' 'Putback Slam Dunk Shot'

'Running Bank shot' 'Driving Bank shot' 'Driving Jump shot'

'Putback Layup Shot' 'Putback Dunk Shot' 'Running Finger Roll Layup Shot'

'Pullup Bank shot' 'Running Slam Dunk Shot' 'Cutting Layup Shot'

'Driving Floating Jump Shot' 'Running Pull-Up Jump Shot' 'Tip Layup Shot'

'Driving Floating Bank Jump Shot']

['Jump Shot' 'Dunk' 'Layup' 'Tip Shot' 'Hook Shot' 'Bank Shot']

['2PT Field Goal' '3PT Field Goal']

2PT Field Goal 20285

3PT Field Goal 5412

Name: shot_type, dtype: int64

# 職業生涯賽季

kobe['season'].unique()

# kobe['season'] = kobe['season'].apply(lambda x: int(x.split('-')[1]) )

# kobe['season'].unique()

array(['2000-01', '2001-02', '2002-03', '2003-04', '2004-05', '2005-06',

'2006-07', '2007-08', '2008-09', '2009-10', '2010-11', '2011-12',

'2012-13', '2013-14', '2014-15', '2015-16', '1996-97', '1997-98',

'1998-99', '1999-00'], dtype=object)

# 所屬球隊ID和隊名，職業生涯都效力于湖人隊

print(kobe['team_id'].unique())

print(kobe['team_name'].unique())

[1610612747]

['Los Angeles Lakers']

# 球隊對陣及日期表

vsdf = pd.DataFrame({'matchup':kobe.matchup, 'opponent':kobe.opponent, 'game_date':kobe.game_date})

matchup opponent game_date

1 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

2 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

3 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

4 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

5 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

6 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

8 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

9 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

10 LAL @ POR POR 2000-10-31

11 LAL vs. UTA UTA 2000-11-01

#plt.subplot(211) first is raw second Column

alpha = 0.02

plt.figure(figsize=(16,10))

# loc_x and loc_y 坐標位置

plt.subplot(121)

plt.scatter(kobe.loc_x, kobe.loc_y, color='#DA70D6', alpha=alpha)

plt.title('loc_x and loc_y')

# lat and lon 經緯度

plt.subplot(122)

plt.scatter(kobe.lon, kobe.lat, color='#FFD700', alpha=alpha)

plt.title('lat and lon')

Text(0.5, 1.0, 'lat and lon')

# 出手區域數據分布

gs = kobe.groupby('shot_zone_area')

print (kobe['shot_zone_area'].value_counts())

print (len(gs))

Center(C) 11289

Right Side Center(RC) 3981

Right Side(R) 3859

Left Side Center(LC) 3364

Left Side(L) 3132

Back Court(BC) 72

Name: shot_zone_area, dtype: int64

# 根據不同區域繪制散點圖

import matplotlib.cm as cm

plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))

def scatter_plot_by_category(feat):

alpha = 0.1

gs = kobe.groupby(feat)

cs = cm.rainbow(np.linspace(0, 1, len(gs)))

for g, c in zip(gs, cs):

plt.scatter(g[1].loc_x, g[1].loc_y, color=c, alpha=alpha)

# shot_zone_area

plt.subplot(131)

scatter_plot_by_category('shot_zone_area')

plt.title('shot_zone_area')

# shot_zone_basic

plt.subplot(132)

scatter_plot_by_category('shot_zone_basic')

plt.title('shot_zone_basic')

# shot_zone_range

plt.subplot(133)

scatter_plot_by_category('shot_zone_range')

plt.title('shot_zone_range')

Text(0.5, 1.0, 'shot_zone_range')

以下籃球場的繪制較為繁雜，參考了 B站素材

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from matplotlib.patches import Arc, Circle, Rectangle

def draw_ball_field(color='#20458C', lw=2):

"""

繪制籃球場

"""

# 新建一個大小為(6,6)的繪圖窗口

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))

# 獲得當前的Axes對象ax,進行繪圖

ax = plt.gca()

# 對籃球場進行底色填充

lines_outer_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-250, -47.5), width=500, height=470, linewidth=lw, color='#F0F0F0', fill=True)

# 設置籃球場填充圖層為最底層

lines_outer_rec.set_zorder(0)

# 將rec添加進ax

ax.add_patch(lines_outer_rec)

# 繪制籃筐,半徑為7.5

circle_ball = Circle(xy=(0, 0), radius=7.5, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將circle添加進ax

ax.add_patch(circle_ball)

# 繪制籃板,尺寸為(60,1)

plate = Rectangle(xy=(-30, -7.5), width=60, height=-1, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將rec添加進ax

ax.add_patch(plate)

# 繪制2分區的外框線,尺寸為(160,190)

outer_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-80, -47.5), width=160, height=190, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將rec添加進ax

ax.add_patch(outer_rec)

# 繪制2分區的內框線,尺寸為(120,190)

inner_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-60, -47.5), width=120, height=190, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將rec添加進ax

ax.add_patch(inner_rec)

# 繪制罰球區域圓圈,半徑為60

circle_punish = Circle(xy=(0, 142.5), radius=60, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將circle添加進ax

ax.add_patch(circle_punish)

# 繪制三分線的左邊線

three_left_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-220, -47.5), width=0, height=140, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將rec添加進ax

ax.add_patch(three_left_rec)

# 繪制三分線的右邊線

three_right_rec = Rectangle(xy=(220, -47.5), width=0, height=140, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將rec添加進ax

ax.add_patch(three_right_rec)

# 繪制三分線的圓弧,圓心為(0,0),半徑為238.66,起始角度為22.8,結束角度為157.2

three_arc = Arc(xy=(0, 0), width=477.32, height=477.32, theta1=22.8, theta2=157.2, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將arc添加進ax

ax.add_patch(three_arc)

# 繪制中場處的外半圓,半徑為60

center_outer_arc = Arc(xy=(0, 422.5), width=120, height=120, theta1=180, theta2=0, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將arc添加進ax

ax.add_patch(center_outer_arc)

# 繪制中場處的內半圓,半徑為20

center_inner_arc = Arc(xy=(0, 422.5), width=40, height=40, theta1=180, theta2=0, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將arc添加進ax

ax.add_patch(center_inner_arc)

# 繪制籃球場外框線,尺寸為(500,470)

lines_outer_rec = Rectangle(xy=(-250, -47.5), width=500, height=470, linewidth=lw, color=color, fill=False)

# 將rec添加進ax

ax.add_patch(lines_outer_rec)

return ax

axs = draw_ball_field(color='#20458C', lw=2)

# 設置坐標軸范圍

axs.set_xlim(-250, 250)

axs.set_ylim(422.5, -47.5)

# 消除坐標軸刻度

axs.set_xticks([])

axs.set_yticks([])

# 添加備注信息

# plt.annotate('By ohou', xy=(100, 160), xytext=(178, 418))

made = kobe[kobe['shot_made_flag'] == 1]

miss = kobe[kobe['shot_made_flag'] == 0]

# 繪制散點圖

axs.scatter(x=miss['loc_x'], y=miss['loc_y'], s=20, marker='x', color='orange')

axs.scatter(x=made['loc_x'], y=made['loc_y'], s=20, marker='o', edgecolors='#3A7711', color="#6B8E23", linewidths=2)

plt.show()

未完待續……

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