Lesson?41??Training?elephants???訓(xùn)練大象?
????Two?main?techniques?have?been?used?for?training?elephants,?which?we?may?respectively?the?tough?and?the?gentle.?The?former?method?simply?consists?of?setting?an?elephant?to?work?and?beating?him?until?he?does?what?is?expected?of?him.?Apart?from?moral?considerations?this?is?a?stupid?method?of?training,?for?it?produces?a?resentful?animal?who?at?a?later?stage?may?well?turn?man-killer.?The?gentle?method?requires?more?patience?in?the?early?stages,?but?produces?a?cheerful,?good-tempered?elephant?who?will?give?many?years?of?loyal?service.?
????The?first?essential?in?elephant?training?is?to?assign?to?the?animal?a?single?mahout?who?will?be?entirely?responsible?for?the?job.?Elephants?like?to?have?one?master?just?as?dogs?do,?and?are?capable?of?a?considerable?degree?of?personal?affection.?There?are?even?stories?of?half-trained?elephant?calves?who?have?refused?to?feed?and?pined?to?death?when?by?some?unavoidable?circumstance?they?have?been?deprived?of?their?own?trainer.?Such?extreme?cases?must?probably?be?taken?with?a?grain?of?salt,?but?they?do?underline?the?general?principle?that?the?relationship?between?elephant?and?mahout?is?the?key?to?successful?training.??
????The?most?economical?age?to?capture?an?elephant?for?training?is?between?fifteen?and?twenty?years,?for?it?is?then?almost?ready?to?undertake?heavy?work?and?can?begin?to?earn?its?keep?straight?away.?But?animals?of?this?age?do?not?easily?become?subservient?to?man,?and?a?very?time?man,?and?a?very?firm?hand?must?be?employed?in?the?early?stages.?The?captive?elephant,?still?roped?to?a?tree,?plunges?and?screams?every?time?a?man?approaches,?and?for?several?days?will?probably?refuse?all?food?through?anger?and?fear.?Sometimes?a?tame?elephant?is?tethered?nearby?to?give?the?wild?one?confidence,?and?in?most?cases?the?captive?gradually?quietens?down?and?begins?to?accept?its?food.?The?next?stage?is?to?get?the?elephant?to?the?training?establishment,?a?ticklish?business?which?is?achieved?with?the?aid?of?two?tame?elephants?roped?to?the?captive?on?either?side.?
????When?several?elephants?are?being?trained?at?one?time,?it?is?customary?for?the?new?arrival?to?be?placed?between?the?stalls?of?two?captives?whose?training?is?already?well?advanced.?It?is?then?left?completely?undisturbed?with?plenty?of?food?and?water?so?that?it?can?absorb?the?atmosphere?of?its?new?home?and?see?that?nothing?particularly?alarming?is?happening?to?its?companions.?When?it?is?eating?normally,?its?own?training?begins.?The?trainer?stands?in?front?of?the?elephant?holding?a?long?stick?with?a?sharp?metal?point.?Two?assistants,?mounted?on?tame?elephants,?control?the?captive?from?either?side,?while?others?rub?their?hands?over?his?skin?to?the?accompaniment?of?a?monotonous?and?soothing?chant.?This?is?supposed?to?induce?pleasurable?sensations?in?the?elephant,?and?its?effects?are?reinforced?by?the?use?of?endearing?epithets.?The?elephant?is?not?son',?or?'ho!?my?father',?or?'my?mother',?according?to?the?age?and?sex?of?the?captive.?The?elephant?is?not?immediately?susceptible?to?such?blandishments,?however,?and?usually?lashes?fiercely?with?its?trunk?in?all?directions.?These?movements?are?controlled?by?the?trainer?with?the?metal-pointed?stick,?and?the?trunk?eventually?becomes?so?sore?that?the?elephant?curls?it?up?and?seldom?afterwards?uses?it?for?offensive?purposes.?參考譯文?
????馴象有兩種主要的方法，我們分別稱之為強(qiáng)硬法和溫柔法。強(qiáng)硬法就是驅(qū)象去干活，把它打順從為止。且不說道義問題，這本身就是一種愚蠢的訓(xùn)練方法，因?yàn)檫@種方法訓(xùn)練會使動(dòng)物反感，在以后某個(gè)時(shí)期可能會變成傷人的動(dòng)物。溫柔法要求在最初階段保持較大的耐心，但這種方法可以訓(xùn)練出性情愉快、脾氣溫順，能忠實(shí)為人服務(wù)多年的大象。馴象中至關(guān)生要的是指派一名專門的馴象員，全面負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工作。大象和狗一樣，喜歡有一個(gè)專一的主人，而且會對主人產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)深厚的私人感情。甚至有這樣的故事：訓(xùn)練了一半的小象，由于不可避免的情況與他們的主人分離后，竟拒絕吃食，消瘦至死。這種極端的事例雖不可全信，但強(qiáng)調(diào)了一項(xiàng)基本原則，象和馴象員之間的關(guān)系是馴象成功與否的關(guān)健。?

????捕捉15至20歲之間年齡的大象進(jìn)行馴象最為經(jīng)濟(jì)。?這個(gè)年齡的象差不多已能干重活，可以很快掙回飼養(yǎng)它的開支。但這個(gè)年齡的象不易馴服，因此開始階段需要有一位強(qiáng)有力的老手。捕來拴在樹上的大象，每當(dāng)有人走近它時(shí)，就會向前猛沖并發(fā)出尖叫，甚至一連幾于都由于憤怒和恐懼而拒絕進(jìn)食。有時(shí)，把一頭已馴服的象拴在旁邊能給野象以信心。在大多數(shù)情況下，剛博來的象會慢慢靜下來，接著開始吃食。下一步就是把象帶到訓(xùn)練場所，這是一件棘手的事，需要在它兩側(cè)拴上兩頭馴服的大象才能完成。?
????幾只象同時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)，通常是把新到的安置在兩頭訓(xùn)練得很好的大象的象廄中間，然后給它以充足的食物和水，一定不要驚擾它，以便讓他能適應(yīng)新居的氣氛，并且看到自己的同伴身上沒有發(fā)生讓自己擔(dān)驚受怕的事。當(dāng)它進(jìn)食正常了，訓(xùn)練就開始。馴練員手持一根有鋒利金屬尖頭的長棒，站在象前。兩位助手騎在馴服的象的背上，從兩側(cè)控制新捕的象，其他人唱著單調(diào)的歌聲用手撫摸象的皮膚。據(jù)說這是為了使象產(chǎn)生愉快的感覺，為了加強(qiáng)這種效果，人閃還按象的年齡性別，給以親切的外號，如“嗬！我的孩子”、“嗬！我的爸爸”、“嗬！我的媽媽”。然而大象不會立刻被這些討好的括感動(dòng)，而往往是用鼻子朝各個(gè)方向猛烈地甩動(dòng)。訓(xùn)練員要用有鋒利金屬尖的長棒控制它的這種舉動(dòng)，象鼻子最后疼得卷了起來，以后它就很少用鼻子去進(jìn)攻了。

轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/h3953774/p/7474745.html

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