第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications
第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid
第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
短語(yǔ)互譯
第一次
原文翻譯
sensor characteristics
傳感器特性
electrical supply
供電
signal conditioning unit
信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)單元
accuracy rating
精度等級(jí)
溫度計(jì)
thermometer
速度計(jì)
speedometer
dead-band characteristics
死區(qū)特性
static friction
靜摩擦
full operating range of the device
設(shè)備的全工作范圍
ambient temperature
環(huán)境溫度
aging effect(s)
老化效應(yīng)
mechanical wear
機(jī)械磨損
self-heating
自熱效應(yīng)
bridge-circuit
電橋電路
the smallest detectable change
最小的可檢測(cè)變化
contact friction
接觸摩擦
mechanical strain
機(jī)械應(yīng)變
resistance temperature detector
電阻溫度檢測(cè)器
power dissipation
功率損耗
lead impedance
引線阻抗
第二次
原文翻譯
the rated voltage and current
額定電壓和電流
gear drive
齒輪傳動(dòng)
micro-actuator
微執(zhí)行器
a binary actuator
二元執(zhí)行器
stable-state output
穩(wěn)態(tài)輸出
stepper motor
步進(jìn)電機(jī)
small incremental motion
小增量運(yùn)動(dòng)
on-off type control action
開(kāi)關(guān)型控制動(dòng)作
a low energy level command signal
低能級(jí)指令信號(hào)
actuator load
執(zhí)行器負(fù)載
thousands of horsepower motor
千馬力電機(jī)
motor shaft
電機(jī)軸
synchronous motor
同步電動(dòng)機(jī)
three-phase induction motor
三相感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)
large-horsepower application
大馬力應(yīng)用
two-phase motor
兩相電動(dòng)機(jī)
solid-state drive
固態(tài)硬盤
unipolar stepper motor
單極步進(jìn)電機(jī)
bottom stator pole
定子底極
a permanent magnet with six poles
六極永磁體
counterclockwise direction
逆時(shí)針?lè)较?/strong>
a soft iron core
柔軟的鐵心
directional control valve
方向控制閥
hydraulic or pneumatic actuator
液壓或氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)
analog to digital converter
模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器
transfer function
傳遞函數(shù)
discrete output states
離散輸出狀態(tài)
a sample-and-hold circuit
采樣保持電路
high-input impedance
高輸入阻抗
the highest frequency component
最高頻率分量
propagation delay
傳播延遲
least significant bit
最低有效位
第三次
原文翻譯
virtual instrument
虛擬儀器
computational size, cost
計(jì)算量，成本
bulk storage
大容量存儲(chǔ)
off-line instrument
離線儀表
data processing
數(shù)據(jù)處理
custom developed
定制開(kāi)發(fā)
with the advent of microelectronics
隨著微電子技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)
realtime application
實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用
special/general-purpose computer
專用/通用計(jì)算機(jī)
a considerable breadth of measurement and control
相當(dāng)廣泛的測(cè)量和控制
industrial field
工業(yè)領(lǐng)域
high-speed application
高速應(yīng)用
user-interface operations
用戶界面操作
windows-type software
窗口類型軟件
complex manipulations along with memory, look-up tables, and intelligent displays and controls
復(fù)雜的操作以及內(nèi)存、查找表、智能顯示和控件
large memory capacity
大存儲(chǔ)容量
a conditioning circuit
調(diào)節(jié)電路
local area network
局域網(wǎng)
remote radio communication protocol
遠(yuǎn)程無(wú)線電通信協(xié)議
interconnection buses
互連總線
application software
應(yīng)用程序軟件
General-purpose Interface Bus
通用接口總線
Industry Standard Architecture Bus
行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)架構(gòu)總線
addressing width of a processor
處理器的尋址寬度
one-byte wide
一字節(jié)寬
a full 16-bit data bus
完整的16位數(shù)據(jù)總線
two-clock-cycle
兩個(gè)時(shí)鐘周期
direct memory access
直接內(nèi)存訪問(wèn)
Plug and play
即插即用
micro-channel architecture
微通道架構(gòu)
serial communication peripherals
串行通訊外設(shè)
novice users
新手用戶
high-speed peer to peer communication
高速對(duì)等通信
第四次
原文翻譯
yaw damper system
偏航阻尼系統(tǒng)
autopilot
自動(dòng)駕駛
trail-and-error
試錯(cuò)法
dynamic analysis
動(dòng)態(tài)分析
control system design
控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
classical control theory
經(jīng)典控制理論
high-speed digital computers
高速數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)
state variables
狀態(tài)變量
open-loop control systems
開(kāi)環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)
a negative feedback system
負(fù)面反饋系統(tǒng)
differential equation
微分方程
difference equation
差分方程
time interval
時(shí)間間隔
a sampled-data system
采樣數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)
nonlinear system
非線性系統(tǒng)
time-invariant system
時(shí)不變系統(tǒng)
stationary/nonstationary system
平穩(wěn)/非平穩(wěn)系統(tǒng)
time-dependent
時(shí)間相關(guān)的
lumped parameter system
集總參數(shù)系統(tǒng)
distributed parameter system
分布參數(shù)系統(tǒng)
ordinary/partial differential equation
常/偏微分方程
deterministic/stochastic system
確定性/隨機(jī)系統(tǒng)
multi-variable system
多變量系統(tǒng)
single-input single-output system
單輸入單輸出系統(tǒng)
performance criteria and indices
績(jī)效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和指標(biāo)
transient response
瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)
steady-state value of the output
輸出的穩(wěn)態(tài)值
nonzero initial conditions
非零初始條件
complex variable in the Laplace domain
Laplace域中的復(fù)變量
linearity and superposition theorems
線性和疊加定理
shifting theorem
移位定理
piecewise continuous inputs
分段連續(xù)輸入
analytic function
分析函數(shù)
homogeneous/particular solution
均勻/特殊溶液
unilateral Fourier integral
單邊傅里葉積分
DC-motor drive
直流電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)
zero internal impedance
零內(nèi)部阻抗
dc voltage source
直流電壓源
Pulse-Width Modulation
脈沖寬度調(diào)制
switch duty ratio
開(kāi)關(guān)占空比
a resistive load
電阻負(fù)載
uninterruptible AC power supplies
不間斷交流電源
two-quadrant converter
二象限轉(zhuǎn)換器
voltage/current source inverters
電壓/電流源逆變器
square-wave inverter
方波逆變器
voltage cancellation
電壓抵消
switch-mode converter
開(kāi)關(guān)模式轉(zhuǎn)換器
linear vector space
線性向量空間
power transistor
功率晶體管
very large scale integrated circuits
超大規(guī)模集成電路
長(zhǎng)句翻譯
第一次
第一次
The major reason for the availability of such equipment has been the development of computers and microprocessors which are used as sophisticated, flexible and yet low cost controllers.
However, the operation of such systems would be very poor, if possible at all, if the computer’s decision making programs were not being supplied with suitable, up to date, quality information about the state of the external system.
Electrical noise (i.e. unwanted signals) may be generated by variation in contact resistance, by mechanical wear due to contact fiction, and by contact vibration transmitted from the sensing element.
When a specification refers to a dead-zone or dead-band, it is referring to the largest change in the quantity to be measured to which the output does not change, or the change of input to which there is no output.
This means that if we take a temperature measurement with the thermometer and find it to be ±20.1°C, then the actual temperature lies somewhere between 15.9°C and 20.3°C.
Actuators are basically the muscle behind a mechatronics system that accepts a control command (mostly in the form of an electrical signal) and produces a change in the physical system by generating force, motion, heat, flow, etc.
The stepper motor is a discrete (incremental) positioning device that moves one step at a time for each pulse command input. Since they accept direct digital commands and produce a mechanical motion, the stepper motors are used widely in industrial control applications.
Normally, due to the spring force, the soft iron core is pushed to the extreme left position; when the solenoid is excited, the soft iron core will move to the right extreme position thus providing the electromagnetic actuation.
A/D conversion is essentially a quantizing process, whereby an analog signal is represented by discrete states.
A / D轉(zhuǎn)換本質(zhì)上是量化過(guò)程，通過(guò)這個(gè)過(guò)程將模擬信號(hào)用離散狀態(tài)表示。
An A/D converter requires a certain amount of time, called conversion time, to change an analog signal into the corresponding digital signal. If the analog signal changes during the conversion time, the converter output may be in error. To prevent this, a sample-and-hold circuit is used to sense the analog signal at the start of conversion, and store it on a capacitor during the remaining conversion time.
As a result, rudimental control systems were developed. Relays were attached to the instruments so that processes could respond to parametric changes. Soon, the single relay grew into more than one, allowing for multipoint control. Then, rate detectors were added and finally integrators, creating the PID control system.
It became normal for a measuring instrument to accept a signal; condition the input by linearizing, shaping, band limiting, etc.; and then digitize the result. The digital output was manipulated in a special, onboard processor in order to provide control or analytical decisions.
At the same time, the sphere of measurement and control systems expanded from merely measuring electrical and electronics parameters to encompassing all ancillary technologies including the mechanical, chemical, civil, and medical fields.
The speed and capability of general-purpose computers advanced exponentially. It soon became possible to adapt standard, high-speed computers to the online applications required in real time measurement and control.
Consider what a virtual instrument and control system might contain. For a measurement instrument, there must be a sensor. If the parameter being measured is not electrical, this must incorporate a transducer to change the information to an electrical signal.
Control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, to compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.
Freed of this routine task, the pilot can perform other tasks, such as navigation and/or communications, thus reducing the number of crew required and consequently the operating cost of the aircraft.
The definition of the transfer function requires the system to be linear and stationary, with continuous variables and with zero initial conditions. The transfer function is most useful when the system is also lumped parameter and when transport lags are absent or neglected.
One of the methods for controlling the output voltage employs switching at a constant frequency (hence, a constant switching time period TS=ton+toff), and adjusting the on-duration of the switch to control the average output voltage.
In transfer function models these equations are transformed and variables are eliminated between them to find the relation between selected input and output variables.
第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications
原文譯文
The interest of investigating offshore wind characteristics is receiving growing attention worldwide, which mainly attempts to boost the development of offshore wind energy and accelerate sustainable development. In particular, the understanding of offshore wind characteristics at the hub heights of wind turbines is of great significance in regard to the assessment of economic feasibility and structural design of wind turbines. Since traditional meteorological masts have limitations in height due to economic and technical considerations, remote sensing techniques have increasingly been employed for offshore wind observations.
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of offshore wind characteristics on the basis of measurements from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system at an offshore site in Hong Kong. The fidelity of the wind LiDAR measurements was firstly examined by comparing with those obtained from anemometers on a nearby meteorological mast. Statistical analysis of wind speed was performed by means of the Weibull distribution function, and the results were subsequently used to facilitate the determination of several characteristic parameters associated with wind energy applications. The vertical profiles of wind speed derived from the LiDAR system were compared with existing models. Characteristics of wind shear coefficient were examined within different height ranges. Furthermore, the offshore turbulence characteristics were investigated, including the turbulence intensity and gust factor. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide useful information for the development of offshore wind energy.
第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid
原文譯文
The Smart Grid (SG) is a technological transformation from conventional electric grid, electro-mechanically controlled system, to smart, intelligent, and electronically controlled system called the “Smart Grid” (SG). There are about 20–30% losses present in the conventional electric grid due to substandard operations at generation, transmission and distribution side. The major players in the transformation are: (a) increased electricity cost, (b) aging infrastructure, ? carbon footprint, (d) Green House Gas emissions, (e) climate change, and (f) less efficient electrical network. The promising features of the Smart Grid are: (a) intelligent de-centralized control, (b) resilience, ? flexibility, (d) sustainability, (e) digitalization, (f) intelligence, (g) consumer empowerment, (h) green energy, and (i) smart infrastructure.
The fundamental issues and open challenges in the SG are lack of awareness, consumer acceptance, cyber terrorism, data collection management, energy metering, dynamic optimization and energy control. Considering above, in this paper, a comprehensive review exploring information of development, technologies, and techniques in the SG. The main goal is to investigate and reveal the key enabling technologies, to obtain better picture about the current status of SG development. The focus areas of this review study are Architectural Model focusing Consumer Empowerment (CE), Demand Response Program (DRP), and Demand Side Management (DSM). Our survey discusses in detail the Communication Technologies, such as Wireless Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Machine to Machine Communication (M2M). The power systems such as Micro Grid, Nano Grid, Pico Grid, Inter Grid, Virtual Power Plants, and Distributed Generation are also elaborated in this review study. Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) Integration with the SG and Integration issues related to Distributed generation (DG) are presented in this survey. This survey also analyzes Architectural Model of the Smart Grid focusing consumer empowerment and prosumers interaction. The aim of this study is to provide deep understanding of technologies and their applications in the SG.
第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
原文譯文
The game of Go has long been viewed as the most challenging of classic games for artificial intelligence due to its enormous search space and the difficulty of evaluating board positions and moves. We introduce a new approach to computer Go that uses value networks to evaluate board positions and policy networks to select moves. These deep neural networks are trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games, and reinforcement learning from games of self-play. Without any lookahead search, the neural networks play Go at the level of state-of-the-art Monte-Carlo tree search programs that simulate thousands of random games of self-play. We also introduce a new search algorithm that combines Monte-Carlo simulation with value and policy networks. Using this search algorithm, our program AlphaGo achieved a 99.8% winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated the European Go champion by 5 games to 0. This is the first time that a computer program has defeated a human professional player in the full-sized game of Go, a feat previously thought to be at least a decade away.
