文章目錄

• 一、Tracking progress
• • 1.What is a project schedule, an activity, and a milestone
  • 2.Work breakdown and activity graphs
  • 3.Estimating completion
  • • （1）CPM (Critical Path Method) (*)
    • （2）Slack time for an activity
  • 4.Tools to track progress
• 二、Project personnel
• • 1.Staff roles and characteristics
  • • （1）Communication
  • 2.Work styles
  • 3.Project organization
  • • （1）Depend on three factors
    • （2）Chief programmer team
    • （3）Egoless approach無(wú)私方法
• 三、Effort estimation
• 四、Risk management activities
• • 1.What is a risk?
  • 2.Steps in risk management
  • • Risk exposure calculation
  • 3.How to reduce risk?

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一、Tracking progress

1.What is a project schedule, an activity, and a milestone

2.Work breakdown and activity graphs

4 parameters to describe an activity: precursor, duration, due date, and endpoint
Activity graph

3.Estimating completion

（1）CPM (Critical Path Method) (*)

（2）Slack time for an activity

都以Activity（前者-后者）的前者為基準(zhǔn)。

• Critical path關(guān)鍵路線 ：
  從開始到結(jié)束得所有路徑中，所用時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的為關(guān)鍵路徑（有可能有多條相同的）。

• 最早開始時(shí)間（以前者為基準(zhǔn)）：
  在關(guān)鍵路徑上，從開始到該任務(wù)的最早執(zhí)行的時(shí)間
  第一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)（開始結(jié)點(diǎn)）的最早執(zhí)行的時(shí)間是1，不是0.
  其他結(jié)點(diǎn)的最早開始時(shí)間為：[從開始結(jié)點(diǎn)到Activity前者結(jié)點(diǎn)經(jīng)過(guò)的最長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間總長(zhǎng)]+1

• 最晚開始時(shí)間（以前者為基準(zhǔn)）：
  關(guān)鍵路徑的總時(shí)間-反向得出該任務(wù)的時(shí)間
  關(guān)鍵路徑上的Activity（前者、后者都在）的最晚開始時(shí)間是同最早開始時(shí)間。
  其他結(jié)點(diǎn)的最晚開始時(shí)間為：關(guān)鍵路線的總時(shí)長(zhǎng) - [從結(jié)束結(jié)點(diǎn)到Activity前者結(jié)點(diǎn)經(jīng)過(guò)的最長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間總長(zhǎng)]+1

• Slack time松弛時(shí)間：
  第一種求法：最晚開始時(shí)間-最早開始時(shí)間
  第二種求法：關(guān)鍵路徑的總時(shí)間-包含該任務(wù)的關(guān)鍵路徑花的時(shí)間
  關(guān)鍵路徑上的Activity（前者、后者都在）的Slack time為0.

• Precursors前驅(qū)結(jié)點(diǎn)：
  是Activity（前者-后者）中前者的前驅(qū)結(jié)點(diǎn)。

【應(yīng)用題1】


比如：
2-3的最早開始時(shí)間為3+1=4，最晚開始時(shí)間為=15-(2+2+3)+1=9
2-4的最早開始時(shí)間為3+1=4，最晚開始時(shí)間為=15-(5+2+3)+1=6
3-7的最早開始時(shí)間為2+3+1=6，最晚開始時(shí)間為=15-(2+3)+1=11
5-7的最早開始時(shí)間為3+3+1=7，最晚開始時(shí)間為=15-(3+6)+1=7

【應(yīng)用題2】


F-H的最早時(shí)間和C-F、D-F的最晚時(shí)間中的經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)間都是取得經(jīng)過(guò)的最長(zhǎng)時(shí)間

4.Tools to track progress

Gantt chart

二、Project personnel

1.Staff roles and characteristics

（1）Communication

If there is n worker in project, then there are n(n-1)/2 pairs of communication.

【選擇題】

• There are （ 15 ）communications paths in a team with 6 members.

2.Work styles

• Extroverts（外向）: tell their thoughts
• Introverts（內(nèi)向）: ask for suggestions
• Intuitives（直覺）: base decisions on feelings
• Rationals（理智）: base decisions on facts, options
  【選擇題】
• Shane is an efficient leader（外向的）.He knows what he wants and relies on his own experiences and logic to make decisions.(依據(jù)邏輯)He does not feel the need for extensive information before making a decision.He is capable of making fast decisions.Shane’s work style would be described best as （ Rational extrover ）

3.Project organization

（1）Depend on three factors

• backgrounds and work styles of team members
• number of people on team
• management styles of customers and developers

（2）Chief programmer team

【選擇題】

• A chief programmer team is not suited for （ adopting a new programming language ）projects.

（3）Egoless approach無(wú)私方法

題：
【選擇題】

• An egoless approach is suited for adopting a new programming language.（采取新的編程語(yǔ)言）

三、Effort estimation

Can not produce accurate estimates
Effort estimation techniques – expert judgment, algorithmic methods, machine-learning ethods

四、Risk management activities

1.What is a risk?

2.Steps in risk management

分為Risk assessment風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和Risk control風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制：

• Risk assessment風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估：
  • Risk identification風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義
  • Risk analysis風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析
  • Risk prioritization風(fēng)險(xiǎn)優(yōu)先次序
• Risk control風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制：
  • Risk reduction風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減少
  • Risk management planning風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理計(jì)劃
  • Risk resolution風(fēng)險(xiǎn)解決
    【選擇題】
• （Risk management planning）is not an activity of risk assessment.

Risk exposure calculation

Risk exposure(成本) = (risk probability) x (risk impact)
【應(yīng)用題1】




【應(yīng)用題2】

3.How to reduce risk?

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